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Disorders of Animal Behaviour > Psychotherapeutic drugs > Flashcards

Psychotherapeutic drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is a psychotropic drug?

A
  • ## Affects ‘mood’ or behaviour
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2
Q

What does benzodiazepine do and what is an example drug?

A
  • May be useful for minimising short-term anxiety in dogs. Central skeletal muscle relaxant and anti-seizuring medication
  • E.g. Diazepam
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3
Q

What is a tricuclic antidepressant (TCA) and what is an example drug?

A
  • May be indicated for minimising obsessive-compulsive actions, separation anxiety and may reduce urine spraying in desexed female cats; provides some central and spinal analgesia
  • E.g. clomipramine
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4
Q

What is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and what are 2 examples?

A
  • Indicated for separation anxiety; provides some central and spinal analgesia
  • Fluoxetine and trazadone
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5
Q

What is a GABA (Gamma-amino butyric acid) and wjat is an example?

A
  • Significant inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
  • Gabapentin
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6
Q

What is a glutamate?

A

Significant excitatory CNS neurotransmitter

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7
Q

When might a psychotropic drug be used?

A
  • Commonly used in dogs, cats, horses and other species
  • Used for anxiety and/or inappropriate behaviour and/or senility
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8
Q

Do we use psychotropic drugs to induce sedation?

A

No, they are not expected or intended to induce sedation

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9
Q

Where does our knowledge on psychotropic drugs come from?

A
  • Knowledge comes from humand an lab animal evidence
  • There are limited evidence based findings in companion animals at this time
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10
Q

What needs to be considered prior to the use of a psychotropic drug?

A
  • Behavioural modification
  • Is there an underlying physiological or medical problem contributing to the problem behaviour?
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11
Q

What are the three main monoamine and amino acid CNS neurotransmitters and what are they responsible for?

A
  • Dopamine: Too much dopamine is associated with stereotypies
  • Noradrenaline: Dopamine converted to noradrenaline, need good levels to allow us to learn/respond to a rewards system
  • Serotonin - Important in mood and behaviour, calms down the animal. Can help with aggression
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12
Q

What are monoamines?

A
  • Collections of neurons – cell bodies come together as ‘nuclei’ in brainstem & basal forebrain; these cells secrete monoamine neurotransmitters - Project to cortex
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13
Q

Give two examples of exogenous pheremones that mimic endogenous pheremones available on the market?

A

Adaptil (dog appeasing hormone) and feliway (feline facial pheremone)

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14
Q

Is diazepam commonly used in veterinary medicine?

A

No, we have betetr benzodiazepans for vet med
- long term effects = can be hepatotoxic
- short acting

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14
Q

Is diazepam commonly used in veterinary medicine?

A

No, we have betetr benzodiazepans for vet med
- long term effects = can be hepatotoxic
- short acting

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15
Q

What benzos are more commonly used in vet med?

A

Alazopram or midazolam

16
Q

What are some examples of other psychotropic drugs commonly used in vet med?

A
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-I): selegiline (anipryl)
  • Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants (TCA): clomipramine (clomicalm)
  • SSRIs: fluoxetine (reconcile) and trazadone
17
Q

How does a monoamine oxidase inhibitor work?

A
  • Inhibits dopamine breakdown & increases dopamine released into synaptic cleft
  • also inhibits release of ACTH from pituitary – occasional treatment of pituitary induced hyperadrenocorticism
  • May take 3 months to see full clinical/behavioural effects
  • Not widely used anymore in veterinary medicine
18
Q

What might we see in terms of behaviour if there is an overdose of MOA-I?

A

Stereotypies - increasing dopamine

19
Q

What are some adverse side effects associated with MOA-I?

A
  • Git signs (ALWAYS a risk when taking a drug orally), anorexia, Pruritus, hypersalivation, listlessness, reduces hearing
20
Q

How do tricyclic & tetracyclic antidepressants (TCA) work?

A
  • Compete with NA & serotonin at site of ‘uptake 1’
  • Time to see effects 2 – 4 weeks
21
Q

What are some side effects assoicated with tricyclic & tetracyclic antidepressants (TCA)?

A

antagonists at
* Muscarinic receptors (milder effects than atropine)
* H1 & H2 receptors
* α1 adrenoreceptors
* Overdose = arrhythmias (increase in nor adrenaline in synaptic clefts)
* Registered for use in cats
* Cats more sensitive to these drugs (lower dosage for cats)

22
Q

When might tricyclic & tetracyclic antidepressants (TCA) be used?

A
  • Used in conjunction with behaviour modification training
  • Dogs: aid in treatment of anxiety disorders in dogs such as destructiveness, fears & phobias (e.g. noise phobia); excessive vocalisation & loss of toilet control associated with canine separation anxiety as well as OCD (acral lick dermatitis, exessive grooming and tail chasing)
  • Cats: can aid in the treatment of urine spraying
23
Q

How do SSRIs work? What are some examples of them?

A
  • Competes with 5-HT (serotonin) at site of ‘uptake 1’ -> ↑ 5-HT (serotonin) in synaptic cleft
  • Takes weeks before we see clinical change
  • Examples include fluoxetine and trazadone
24
Q

Is fluoxetine registered for use in cats?

A

No, only registered for use in dogs

25
Q

When might SSRIs be used?

A

To treat separation anciety in dogs, specifically NOT recommended for the treatment of aggression (on the label). Marketed with a behavioural BOND training plan, if no improvement after 8 weeks then the patient needs to be ree-evaluated

26
Q

What are some side effects assoicated with SSRIs?

A
  • anti-cholinergic effects,
  • decreased appetite (including anorexia),
  • lethargy, somnolence, seizures
27
Q

What are the approximate period to see clinical positive effects for MOIs, TCAs and SSRIs?

A

NOTE: Individual drugs need to be tried to see which one works best with fewer side effects for each patient
- MOI = 3 months
- TCAs = 1 month
- SSRIs = 2 months

28
Q

What do we want to avoid when administering psychotherapeutic drugs?

A
  • Administering TCAs or SSRIs together as it may lead to ‘serotonin syndrome’ – tremor, hyperthermia, CV collapse (tachycardia, hypertension)
  • Usually when drugs that block serotonin uptake are given together
    o In dogs and cats usually due to an inadvertent overdose of SSRIs
29
Q

Can you stop TCAs or SSRIs abruptly?

A

No, it is recommended to taper off these drugs
- Withdraw one class of psychotropic agent prior to starting another one
- washout periods: TCAs (2 weeks in dogs), fluoxetine (6 weeks) and other SSRIs (2 weeks)

Disorders of Animal Behaviour (10 decks)

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