Psychosocial Development Extra Exam

Question 1

what does the adolescent social world consist of?

Answer 1

• friendships
• subcultures
• family

Question 2

when did erikson mark the start of adolescence?

Answer 2

in stage 5 of his theory of psycho social development

identity versus confusion

Question 3

when did freud mark the start of adolescence?

Answer 3

in the genital stage in his stages of psychosexual development

Question 4

what is individuation

Answer 4

• gradually attaining increased autonomy and self-directness
• adolescents become their own person
• significant changes in relationships with adults in their life

Question 5

what is achievement

marcias identity patterns

Answer 5

exploration: YES
commitment: YES

Question 6

moratorium (marcia identity patterns)

Answer 6

exploration: YES
commitment: NO

Question 7

foreclosure (marcia)

Answer 7

exploration: NO
commitment: YES

Question 8

diffusion (marcia)

Answer 8

exploration: NO
commitment: NO

Question 9

what are selmans (1980) stages in conceptions of friendships (hint:0-4)

Answer 9

0: momentary physical interaction
1: one way assitance
2: fair weather cooperation
3: intimate and mutual sharing
4: autonomous interdependence

Question 10

what is trust vs mistrust and age

Answer 10

0-1 years

• needs met by caretakers
• focus on oral-sensory activity

Question 11

favourable outcomes of trust vs mistrust

Answer 11

• sense of hope (self-trust)
• fulfill needs successfully
• develop a sense of trust

Question 12

unfavourable outcomes of trust vs mistrust

Answer 12

• feelings of mistrust
• see word as harsh/unfriendly
• fear/concern regarding others
• later difficulties forming close friendships/bonds

Question 13

autonomy vs shame and doubt, age?

Answer 13

1-3 years

• exploration/freedom encouraged within safe boundaries
• focus on muscular-anal activity

Question 14

autonomy vs shame and doubt favourable outcomes

Answer 14

• develop independence
• development control over body functions and will
• self-sufficient, self-directed
• parents permit reasonable free choice

Question 15

autonomy vs shame and doubt unfavourable outcomes

Answer 15

• feelings of self-doubt
• children restricted/overprotected
• lack of independence/self-respect
• shame/self-doubt/unhappiness

Question 16

initiative vs guilt, age?

Answer 16

3-6 years

• testing limits of self-assertion
• exploring/experimenting
• purposefully pursue/achieve tasks/goals

Question 17

initiative vs guilt favourable outcomes

Answer 17

• children treated respectfully
• ability to be “Self-starter”
• initiate own activities
• develop sense of responsibility/purpose

Question 18

initiative vs guilt unfavourable outcomes

Answer 18

• parents over control
• sense of guilt/inadequency to be on own
• self-critical due to failure to fulfill parental expectation

Question 19

industry vs inferiority? age?

Answer 19

6-12 years

• focus on attaining competence in meeting challenges
• parents/peers/school/clubs/groups
• develop capacity to cooperate/work with others

Question 20

industry vs inferiority favourable outcomes

Answer 20

• feelings mastery/proficiency
• growing competence, intellectual, social skills
• place in own social world

Question 21

industry vs inferiority unfavourable outcomes

Answer 21

• failure, inadequency
• feel unskilled/incapable, no mastery
• withdraw from activities
• less interest/motivation to excel