DEVELOPMENTAL Flashcards
Nature vs nurture issues in developmental psychology
Inborn knowledge vs blooming buzzing confusion
Development issues in developmental psychology
Continuous vs stage
Relative importance of early experiences issues in developmental psychology
Critical period vs sensitive period
View of child issues in developmental psychology
Active vs passive
Relative influence of culture issues in developmental psychology
Cultural universals vs cultural relativism
What is the nature view
Genetics, hereditary
Predisposition given at the point of conception
Unalterable
Nurture view ?
Tabula rasa “blank slate”
Environmental, experience
Contextual influences (parenting, family, school)
Continuous development?
Gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span
Behaviour in the earlier years providing the basis of skills required for later
Stage development?
Distinct and separate stages
Different kinds of behaviour occurring in each stage
Who proposed the stages of cognitive development
Jean Piaget
Who proposed the stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
Critical period?
Normal language development only if exposed to language between 2 years and puberty
(Effects of early deprivation)
Sensitive period?
A time when language development occurs most easily
Second language learning
Immigrants to new linguistic environment must move before age 7 to have no accent
Characteristics of an active child
Intrinsically active
Innate curiosity
Seek stimulation
Characteristics of a passive child
Passively react
Blank slates
Passive recipients
Cultural universals
Appearances Activities Social institutions Language Dancing Funeral rites
Cultural relativism
Judging cultural practices Moral standards Slavery Eating habits Eye contact
Habituation and dishabituation (infants)
Decreased interest followed by recovery with new events
Violation of expectation paradigm
(Preferential sucking, looking, cross modal matching )
Attachment
Close emotional bond between infant and caregiver
Critical feature of personality and social development
Which theorist proposed cognitive theory
Piaget
What was freud’s theory
Psychosexual development
What was eriksons theory
Psychosocial development
What was maslows theory
Humanistic development
Defense mechanisms
Methods for dealing with anxiety (conflict between Id,ego and superego) a
Regression
Reverting back to immature behaviour from an earlier stage of development
(An adult having a tantrum from not getting their way)
Rationalisation
Creating false excuses for ones unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behaviour
What are the main 5 issues in developmental psychology
Nature vs nurture Continuous vs stage Critical period vs sensitive period Active vs passive Cultural universals vs cultural relativism
What are two important factors about psychosocial theory
Who theorised it
Erikson
The ego is a positive force in development
Importance of cultural and other social factors
Who theorised the hierarchy of needs
How many levels?
Maslow
5 levels
What are the 5 levels of the hierarchy of needs
Who theorised it
Maslow Physiological Safety Love/belonging Esteem Self-actualisation
What is the first stage of maslows hierarchy of needs
What does it consist of?
Physiological
Breathing, food,water,sex,sleep,homeostasis,excretion
Second stage of maslows hierarchy of needs?
Safety
Security of: body, employment, resources, morality, the family,health, property
3rd level of maslows hierarchy of needs
Love/belonging
Friendship, family , sexual intimacy
Fourth stage of maslows hierarchy
Esteem
Self esteem, confidence,achievement, respect of others , respect by others
Fifth and final stage of maslows hierarchy
Self actualisation
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving , lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
Piaget stages of moral development
Heteronomous morality age 4-8
Autonomous morality age 8 to adult
Kohlberg moral development
What did he change from Piaget
Took piagets work further and made a 6 stage developmental progression
What are the 3 levels to kohlbergs moral development
Pre conventional morality
Conventional morality
Post conventional mortality
What are the stages of preconventional morality
Stage 1: avoidance of punishment
Stage 2: exchange of favours
Age range: preschool - elementary (some junior high and few high school)
What are the stages of conventional morality
Stage 3: good child
Stage 4: law and order
Age range: few older elementary children, some junior high, many highschool (stage 4 doesn’t typically appear until highschool)
What are the stages in postconventional morality
Stage 5: social contract
Stage 6: universal ethical principle
Age range: rarely seen before college (stage 6 is extremely rare)
What is trust vs mistrust
What are the favourable and unfavourable outcomes
First stage of eriksons psychosocial development
Needs met by caretakers Focus on oral sensory activity Age 0-1 Favourable: develop sense of trust Unfavourable: feelings of mistrust
What is autonomy vs shame and doubt
Age 1-3 years
Exploration and freedom encouraged
Within safe boundaries
Focus on muscular anal activity
Favourable outcomes: develop independence
Unfavourable outcomes: feelings of self doubt
What is initiative vs guilt
Age 3-6
Testing limits of self assertion
Exploring and experimenting
Purposefully pursue and achieve tasks and goals
Favourable outcome: child treated respectfully
Unfavourable: parents over control
What is industry vs inferiority
6-12 years
Focus on attaining competence in meeting challenges
Parents, peers, school
Develop capacity to cooperate and work with others
Favourable: mastery, proficiency
Unfavourable: failure, inadequacy
What’s the difference between the timing and tempo of puberty
Timing of puberty: age at which puberty begins (usually occurs as early as 7 in girls and 9.5 in boys)
Tempo of puberty: the rate at which maturation occurs (completion takes 1.5-6 years in girls , 1-2 years in boys)
There is no relationship between timing and tempo
What are the most important environmental influences in the timing and tempo of puberty
Nutrition and health
The timing and tempo of puberty is..
Largely inherited
