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PSYC–Human Development (Exam 2) > Psychosocial Changes > Flashcards

Psychosocial Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomy: Lifespan Issue

A
  • During adolescence:
  • -Turning towards peers, away from parents sparked partially by hormones (“Leave home/find a mate”)
  • -Changes in stature and physical appearance – more responsibility because one looks older
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2
Q

3 Kinds of Autonomy: Cognitive

A

Cognitive – Having independent beliefs, opinions, values
Have to consider other people’s perspectives
–Foresee future consequences
–Need logic for social, moral, ethical problems

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3
Q

3 Kinds of Autonomy: Emotional

A

Emotional – Less emotionally dependent on parents

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4
Q

3 Kinds of Autonomy: Behavioral

A

Behavioral – New roles/rights expect responsibility and self-reliance

  • -Job, driver’s license
  • -Make decisions and follow through on them
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5
Q

Identity: Lifespan Issue

A
  • Rooted in a self-concept – the attitudes, behaviors, and values that a person believes make him or her unique
  • During childhood
  • -Start with self-recognition (15-18 months)
  • -Measured with:
  • –Rouge test
  • –Body-as-obstacle task (shopping cart task)
  • –Use of “I” and “me” pronouns
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6
Q

Identity: Timeline of the self: Preschool (3-4yo)

A

Self as concrete, observable characteristics related to physical attributes, abilities

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7
Q

Identity: Timeline of the self: Middle Childhood

A

Comparing own attributes to behavior of peers

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8
Q

Identity: Timeline of the self: Adolescence

A

Self as both abstract and concrete characteristics; have a variety of selves

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9
Q

Identity: Timeline of the self: Early Adulthood

A

Self becomes more integrated and less determined by what others think.

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10
Q

Self-conception: Possible selves: the ideal self & feared self

A

Adolescents identify a self that they aspire to be, the ideal self, which is characterized by traits that they value.

  • entertain who am i and who i wanna be
  • -ideal self: in a perfect world, in the future, who do you wanna be (husband/wife, career, mother/father), larger it is …may cause issues with self
  • -feared self: the person you are truly scared of becoming; alcoholism in family- avoid becoming that
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11
Q

Self-conception: actual self

A

Adjustment is influenced by the match between the actual self—the adolescents’ personal characteristics—and their aspirational, ideal self.
Who you really truly are, self that they will share with closest friends; let your guard down and be yourself

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12
Q

Self-conception: False self

A

Where you know you are not being your true self; in the context of trying to attract a significant other

  • not being true to your own interest
  • also with parents, when acting in things parents don’t approve, act as if you aren’t
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13
Q

How self is measured in childhood: Shopping Cart Task

A

have to have a sense of self to fix problem

  • rug attached to the shopping cart
  • baby steps on rug and pushes cart but cart won’t move bc toddler is on rug
  • after 18mos, able to realize it is themselves causing the cart to not move; go around cart and move or rolls up rug
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14
Q

How self is measured in childhood: Mirror Task

A

development of self-awareness

  • red mark on the child’s forehead
  • child may look behind the mirror for the stranger it sees
  • by 18mos, notices the red mark and the link btwn itself and the image in the mirror
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15
Q

Biopsychosocial Explanation for Adolescent Identity Change

A

BIOLOGICAL - Physical changes that occur during puberty alter self-conceptions and relationships with others
-Dramatic physical change feel like new person

COGNITIVE – New ways of thinking about problems, values, relationships, self

SOCIAL – New array of choices & decisions

  • -Across different domains: school, work, relationships
  • -What do I want out of life?
  • –Who do I want to be?
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16
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

Socio-cultural environment is driving force behind development

  • Development characterized by a distinct challenge
  • -Overcoming challenge = prepare well for next stage, development of a given virtue
  • -Difficulty with challenge = have difficulty with future stages
  • –Do not need to master a stage before moving to the next one
17
Q

Erikson and Adolescence: Identity vs. Role (identity) Confusion

A

Key challenge: Identity vs. Role Confusion

  • Who they are
  • How they fit in their culture
  • What are they capable of
  • Successful? Coherent, secure sense of self; develop virtue of fidelity
  • Unsuccessful? Role confusion
18
Q

Psychosocial Moratorium: Purposes and Examples

A
  • Identity development different among cultures
  • -e.g., full-blown crisis or manageable challenge
  • -More options/decisions search more difficult
  • Modern need: Psychosocial moratorium
  • -Remain in school–think about future
  • -Experiment with different roles and identities
  • -Without moratorium, full exploration cannot occur – healthiest to grow into adult identity, not be forced
19
Q

Identity Statuses (prob w/identity development)- what they are, the differences between them and what consequences might be:

A 
Individuals approach and resolve crises differently – time and commitment 
Five statuses (Erikson/Marcia):
20
Q

Identity Status: Identity achievement

A

Identity achievement – coherent sense of self

21
Q

Identity Status: Moratorium

A

Moratorium – exploring alternatives, no commitment

22
Q

Identity Status: Identity Diffusion

A

Identity Diffusion – incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self

23
Q

Identity Status: Identity Foreclosure

A

Identity Foreclosure – premature sense of identity before sufficient experimentation has occurred

24
Q

Identity Status: Negative Identity

A

Negative Identity – select identity that is undesirable to significant others and community

25
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Monitoring the future

A
  • Ongoing study from University of Michigan
  • -Started studying 12th graders annually in 1975
  • -Added 8th and 10th graders in 1991
  • -Some students selectively chosen for long-term follow-up

-Involves ~50,000 students annually in ~420 public and private secondary schools

  • Surveys participants on their behaviors, attitudes, and values
  • -**Note – this is an all American sample
26
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Depression

A
  • Depression is feelings of sadness, hopelessness, frustration; changes in sleep & eating habits; probs w/concentration; loss of energy & motivation
  • persistently depressed mood or loss of interest of activities for at least 2 weeks impairing daily life
  • Treatments; Therapies, Medication, Specialists, Call service provided for help
27
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Suicide

A
  • Gender Differences:
  • -Females: display higher rates of depression and make more suicide attempts; tend to choose suicide methods that are slow and passive and likely to be revived from (overdoses of pills)
  • -Males: 4x more likely to succeed in committing suicide; tend to choose methods that are quick & irreversible (firearms)
  • Warning Signs:
  • -change in eating/sleeping habits
  • -withdrawal from family, friends, & regular activities
  • -violent action, rebelling, running away
  • -drug/alcohol use
  • -physical symptoms: headaches, stomaches
  • -personality change
  • -loss of interest in leisure activities
28
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Alcohol abuse

A
  • Binge drinking: consumption of an excessive amount in a short period
  • Change in binge drinking in the last few decades: the percentage of adolescents abusing alcohol has withered down (8th, 10th, 12th graders)
29
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Marijuana

A

-Short and Long term consequences:
—Short term:
~short-term memory
~severe anxiety (paranoia)
~strange behavior (psychosis: imagination vs reality) ???
~probs w/coordination
~increase the risk of stroke and heart rate
~probs of coordination
~lowered reaction time
~hallucinations
—Long term:
~decline in IQ
~poor school performance; likely to drop out
~impaired thinking & ability to learn
~addiction
~antisocial behavior

30
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Vaping

A
  • inhaling/exhaling vapor produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device
  • change in prevalence: there is an increase of vape usage in high schoolers
  • higher risk for addiction and a negative impact on brain development, specifically, your working memory and attention span.
31
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Nutrition

A
  • freshman 15–no parental control
  • obesity becoming tied to environmental pressures than genetic factors
  • health problems and illnesses (high blood pressure, stroke, circulatory problems, diabetes, digestive disorders, arthritis, cancer, and, ultimately, early death)
32
Q

Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Sleep

A

???

33
Q

What are the psychosocial problems during adolescence?

A

Monitoring the future, depression, suicide, alcohol abuse, marijuana, vaping, eating disorders, sleep, nutrition

PSYC–Human Development (Exam 2) (6 decks)

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