Psychosocial Changes Flashcards
Autonomy: Lifespan Issue
- During adolescence:
- -Turning towards peers, away from parents sparked partially by hormones (“Leave home/find a mate”)
- -Changes in stature and physical appearance – more responsibility because one looks older
3 Kinds of Autonomy: Cognitive
Cognitive – Having independent beliefs, opinions, values
Have to consider other people’s perspectives
–Foresee future consequences
–Need logic for social, moral, ethical problems
3 Kinds of Autonomy: Emotional
Emotional – Less emotionally dependent on parents
3 Kinds of Autonomy: Behavioral
Behavioral – New roles/rights expect responsibility and self-reliance
- -Job, driver’s license
- -Make decisions and follow through on them
Identity: Lifespan Issue
- Rooted in a self-concept – the attitudes, behaviors, and values that a person believes make him or her unique
- During childhood
- -Start with self-recognition (15-18 months)
- -Measured with:
- –Rouge test
- –Body-as-obstacle task (shopping cart task)
- –Use of “I” and “me” pronouns
Identity: Timeline of the self: Preschool (3-4yo)
Self as concrete, observable characteristics related to physical attributes, abilities
Identity: Timeline of the self: Middle Childhood
Comparing own attributes to behavior of peers
Identity: Timeline of the self: Adolescence
Self as both abstract and concrete characteristics; have a variety of selves
Identity: Timeline of the self: Early Adulthood
Self becomes more integrated and less determined by what others think.
Self-conception: Possible selves: the ideal self & feared self
Adolescents identify a self that they aspire to be, the ideal self, which is characterized by traits that they value.
- entertain who am i and who i wanna be
- -ideal self: in a perfect world, in the future, who do you wanna be (husband/wife, career, mother/father), larger it is …may cause issues with self
- -feared self: the person you are truly scared of becoming; alcoholism in family- avoid becoming that
Self-conception: actual self
Adjustment is influenced by the match between the actual self—the adolescents’ personal characteristics—and their aspirational, ideal self.
Who you really truly are, self that they will share with closest friends; let your guard down and be yourself
Self-conception: False self
Where you know you are not being your true self; in the context of trying to attract a significant other
- not being true to your own interest
- also with parents, when acting in things parents don’t approve, act as if you aren’t
How self is measured in childhood: Shopping Cart Task
have to have a sense of self to fix problem
- rug attached to the shopping cart
- baby steps on rug and pushes cart but cart won’t move bc toddler is on rug
- after 18mos, able to realize it is themselves causing the cart to not move; go around cart and move or rolls up rug
How self is measured in childhood: Mirror Task
development of self-awareness
- red mark on the child’s forehead
- child may look behind the mirror for the stranger it sees
- by 18mos, notices the red mark and the link btwn itself and the image in the mirror
Biopsychosocial Explanation for Adolescent Identity Change
BIOLOGICAL - Physical changes that occur during puberty alter self-conceptions and relationships with others
-Dramatic physical change feel like new person
COGNITIVE – New ways of thinking about problems, values, relationships, self
SOCIAL – New array of choices & decisions
- -Across different domains: school, work, relationships
- -What do I want out of life?
- –Who do I want to be?
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Socio-cultural environment is driving force behind development
- Development characterized by a distinct challenge
- -Overcoming challenge = prepare well for next stage, development of a given virtue
- -Difficulty with challenge = have difficulty with future stages
- –Do not need to master a stage before moving to the next one
Erikson and Adolescence: Identity vs. Role (identity) Confusion
Key challenge: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Who they are
- How they fit in their culture
- What are they capable of
- Successful? Coherent, secure sense of self; develop virtue of fidelity
- Unsuccessful? Role confusion
Psychosocial Moratorium: Purposes and Examples
- Identity development different among cultures
- -e.g., full-blown crisis or manageable challenge
- -More options/decisions search more difficult
- Modern need: Psychosocial moratorium
- -Remain in school–think about future
- -Experiment with different roles and identities
- -Without moratorium, full exploration cannot occur – healthiest to grow into adult identity, not be forced
Identity Statuses (prob w/identity development)- what they are, the differences between them and what consequences might be:
Individuals approach and resolve crises differently – time and commitment Five statuses (Erikson/Marcia):
Identity Status: Identity achievement
Identity achievement – coherent sense of self
Identity Status: Moratorium
Moratorium – exploring alternatives, no commitment
Identity Status: Identity Diffusion
Identity Diffusion – incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self
Identity Status: Identity Foreclosure
Identity Foreclosure – premature sense of identity before sufficient experimentation has occurred
Identity Status: Negative Identity
Negative Identity – select identity that is undesirable to significant others and community
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Monitoring the future
- Ongoing study from University of Michigan
- -Started studying 12th graders annually in 1975
- -Added 8th and 10th graders in 1991
- -Some students selectively chosen for long-term follow-up
-Involves ~50,000 students annually in ~420 public and private secondary schools
- Surveys participants on their behaviors, attitudes, and values
- -**Note – this is an all American sample
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Depression
- Depression is feelings of sadness, hopelessness, frustration; changes in sleep & eating habits; probs w/concentration; loss of energy & motivation
- persistently depressed mood or loss of interest of activities for at least 2 weeks impairing daily life
- Treatments; Therapies, Medication, Specialists, Call service provided for help
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Suicide
- Gender Differences:
- -Females: display higher rates of depression and make more suicide attempts; tend to choose suicide methods that are slow and passive and likely to be revived from (overdoses of pills)
- -Males: 4x more likely to succeed in committing suicide; tend to choose methods that are quick & irreversible (firearms)
- Warning Signs:
- -change in eating/sleeping habits
- -withdrawal from family, friends, & regular activities
- -violent action, rebelling, running away
- -drug/alcohol use
- -physical symptoms: headaches, stomaches
- -personality change
- -loss of interest in leisure activities
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Alcohol abuse
- Binge drinking: consumption of an excessive amount in a short period
- Change in binge drinking in the last few decades: the percentage of adolescents abusing alcohol has withered down (8th, 10th, 12th graders)
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Marijuana
-Short and Long term consequences:
—Short term:
~short-term memory
~severe anxiety (paranoia)
~strange behavior (psychosis: imagination vs reality) ???
~probs w/coordination
~increase the risk of stroke and heart rate
~probs of coordination
~lowered reaction time
~hallucinations
—Long term:
~decline in IQ
~poor school performance; likely to drop out
~impaired thinking & ability to learn
~addiction
~antisocial behavior
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Vaping
- inhaling/exhaling vapor produced by an electronic cigarette or similar device
- change in prevalence: there is an increase of vape usage in high schoolers
- higher risk for addiction and a negative impact on brain development, specifically, your working memory and attention span.
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Nutrition
- freshman 15–no parental control
- obesity becoming tied to environmental pressures than genetic factors
- health problems and illnesses (high blood pressure, stroke, circulatory problems, diabetes, digestive disorders, arthritis, cancer, and, ultimately, early death)
Psychosocial Problems during Adolescence: Sleep
???
What are the psychosocial problems during adolescence?
Monitoring the future, depression, suicide, alcohol abuse, marijuana, vaping, eating disorders, sleep, nutrition
