Psychosis & Schizophrenia Flashcards
What are the positive symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia?
-hallucinations
-delusions
-disorganised speech
What are the negative symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia?
-Anhedonia (find no enjoyment)
-Anergia (constant lack of energy)
-Apathy (lack of feeling)
-Avolition (lack of motivation)
What are the cognitive symptoms of psychosis and schizophrenia?
-cognitive impairment
-poor memory
-processing speed
Why do antipsychotic drugs only have a limited benefit?
only treat positive symptoms
What % of SCZ individuals do not respond to antipsychotics?
33%
What can antipsychotics negatively induce?
extrapyramidal symptoms
What are the adverse effects of antipsychotics?
-sedation
-substantial weight gain
-dyslipidaemia (cholesterol)
-impaired glucose tolerance
-hypertension (BP)
-Inflammatory abnormalities
What does inflammation increase the release of?
T cells
What do Th1 cells shift to when exercising?
Th2 cells
What do Th2 cells release?
-anti-inflammatory cytokines
-myokines
(beneficial)
What do Th1 cells release if we don’t exercise and they don’t turn into Th2 cells?
-release proinflammatory cytokines
-increase ROS production (causing cell damage)
What intensity do individuals need to work at to induce a physiological change?
> 60%HRmax
What are the physiological benefits of exercising?
-offset weight gain induced by antipsychotics
-prevent CVD and metabolic syndrome
-reduce premature mortality risks
What does regular exercise induce upregulations in?
-Peripheral anti-inflammatory processes
-cytokine and growth factors that can pass the BBB to elicit neuroprotective effects
What beneficial cytokines are increased?
-IL-6
-IL-10
-s-TNFr
-IL-1ra
-Treg
What non-beneficial cytokines are decreased?
-IL-6 (adipose)
-TNF
-Th1
-TLRexp
What does the increase in BDNF cause?
increase in cognitive function
What does the increase in growth hormone cause?
reduction in ROS
How can you see if exercise is having an effect on SCZ?
Improvement on symptoms such as improvement of quality of life and cognitive function
What benefits does exercise have on the brain and CNS?
-Increased grey matter
-Increased cognitive function
-influences neurogenesis and synaptic potentiation
-downregulates cerebral cytokines to reduce neuroinflammation
-delays onset of degenerative disease
How to increase participation in exercise intervention?
-choice of exercise
-supervision
-low skill
(Reference- Fisher et al)
-very low attendance when there is no choice of exercise
(Reference- Frith et al, 2018)
What intensity does the exercise need to be performed at and why?
60%HRmax
-sufficient cytokine release and decrease inflammation
What are the psychosis inflammatory biomarkers that are proinflammatory?
-Th1
-Th17
(Reference- Dunleavy et al, 2024)
What are the psychosis inflammatory biomarkers that are anti-inflammatory?
-Th2
-Treg
(Reference- Dunleavy et al, 2024)
