Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Case 21 > Psychosis and Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Psychosis and Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 core symptoms of psychosis?

A
  1. Hallucinations- perceptions in the absence of stimulus
  2. Delusions- a fixed and firm belief about something that is untrue or irrational
  3. Disordered thinking- how one thought connects to another expressed by abnormalities of speech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are risk factors for psychosis?

A

family history
stress and trauma
drug use- cannabis and psychoactive substances
neonatal- low birth weight, birth trauma, infection
migration
urban living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the stress vulnerability model for development of psychosis?

A

underlying risk factors convey vulnerability to psychosis. if you have greater vulnerability it takes a lower amount of stress to develop psychosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the limitations to classification systems for psychosis?

A

oversimplified
may contribute to over diagnosis
stigmatising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is dopamine synthesised?

A

tyrosine is converted to dihydroxyphenylamine (DOPA) and then to dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is dopamine reabsorbed?

A

dopamine active transporter (DAT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is dopamine broken down?

A

catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 3 main dopamine pathways in the brain?

A
  1. mesolimibic
  2. mesocortical
  3. nigrostriatal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which brain area is associated with dopamine?

A

ventral tegmental area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which dopamine receptor is excitatory?

A

D1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what changes occur in the mesolimibic pathway in schizophrenia?

A

hyperactivity of D2 receptors leading to positive symptoms of schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what changes occur in the mesocortical pathway in schizophrenia?

A

hypoactivity of D1 receptors leading to negative symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

positive- symptoms which aren’t normally there- hallucinations, delusions disordered thoughts
negative- absence of features that should be present- emotions, motivation, concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is noradrenaline synthesised?

A

tyrosine is converted to DOPA and then to dopamine which is converted to noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what receptors does noradrenaline act on and what effect does it have?

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

it has an excitatory effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is noradrenaline reabsorbed?

A

noradrenaline transporter (NET)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is noradrenaline broken down?

A

catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase

18
Q

which Brian area is associated with noradrenaline?

A

locus coeruleus

19
Q

how is serotonin synthesised?

A

tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxy tryptophan which is converted to 5-hydroxy tryptamine

20
Q

how is serotonin reabsorbed?

A

5-hydroxy tryptamine transporter (5-HTT)

21
Q

how is serotonin broken down?

A

monoamine oxidase

22
Q

which brain area is associated with serotonin?

A

raphe nuclei

23
Q

how is acetylcholine synthesised?

A

binding of acetate and choline

24
Q

what are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptor?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

25
Q

how is acetylcholine reabsorbed and recycled?

A

acetylcholinesterase breaks acteylcholine down into acetate and choline which is reabsorbed

26
Q

which brain areas is associated with acetylcholine?

A

basal forebrain and dorsolateral pons/tegmentum

27
Q

how is glutamate synthesised?

A

glutamate is converted to glutamine

28
Q

what are the glutamate receptors?

A

ionotropic AMPA, NMDA and kainate recpetors and metabotropic G protein coupled receptors

29
Q

which is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

30
Q

which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

31
Q

how is GABA synthesised?

A

glutamate is converted to GABA

32
Q

what are the GABA receptors?

A

GABA A/ GABA C- inotropic

GABA B- metabotropic

33
Q

what changes occur in the temporal lobe in psychosis?

A

smaller hippocampus due to damage to GABAergic neurones leading to reduced inhibition and therefore increased activity

34
Q

how does NMDA receptor hypofunction impact dopamine pathways?

A

NMDA pathways may reduce mesocortical dopaminergic activity (negative symptoms) but remove GABA inhibition of VTA enhancing dopmamine release in mesolimbic areas (postivie symptoms)

35
Q

what is the mechanism of action of antipsychotics?

A

dopamine antagonists (blocks mesolimbic pathway to treat postive symptoms)

36
Q

what are the main side effects of typical antipsychotics?

A

extrapyramidal side effects- movement disorders e.g parkonsinism, dystonia, akasthesia

37
Q

what are the main side effects of atypical antipsychotics?

A

metabolic side effects- weight gain, diabetes

38
Q

what are the main groups of typical antipsychotics?

A

phenothiazines- chlopromazine,
thioxanthenes- flupentixol
bytyrophenes- haloperidol

39
Q

which drug is most effective for resistant schizophrenia?

A

clozapine- atypical antipsychotic

40
Q

what is prejudice?

A

a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

Case 21 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions