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Psychophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

ACh and muscles

A

Ach is released into the neuromuscular junction where is causes muscles to contract; myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that affect Ach receptors

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2
Q

ACh and sleep

A

involved in REM sleep and the regulation of sleep-wake cycle

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3
Q

ACh and memory

A

degradation of ACh cells in the entorhinal cortex and other areas underlies memory deficits in Alzheimer’s

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4
Q

Dopamine

A

personality, mood, memory, sleep

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5
Q

dopamine hypothesis (schizophrenia)

A

schizophrenia due to elevated dopamine levels or oversensitivity of dopamine receptors

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6
Q

dopamine and movement

A

involved in regulation of movement, linked to Tourette’s and Parkinson’s

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7
Q

norephinephrine

A

plays role in mood, attention, dreaming, learning, and certain autonomic functions

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8
Q

catecholamine hypothesis

A

some forms of depression are due to lover-than-normal levels of norephinephrine

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9
Q

serotonin

A

usually has inhibitory effect; linked to mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, arousal, sleep, aggression, and migraines

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10
Q

elevated levels of serotonin found in

A

schizophrenia, autism, anorexia

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11
Q

low levels of serotonin found in

A

aggression, depression, suicide, bulimia, PTSD, OCD

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12
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter; plays role in eating, seizure and anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, sleep

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13
Q

Low GABA levels found in

A

anxiety disorders

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14
Q

Huntington’s disease and GABA

A

degeneration of GABA-secreting cells in basal ganglia contributes to motor symptoms

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15
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter; plays role in learning and memory, esp long term potentiation

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16
Q

excessive glutamate receptor activity

A

can lead to seizures, contribute to stroke-related brain damage, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s

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17
Q

endorphins

A

inhibitory neuromodulators that lower the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters; analgesic properties

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18
Q

limbic system structures

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex

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19
Q

limbic system activities

A

mediation of emotion; memory and other cognitive function

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20
Q

Amygdala

A

integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, and is involved in the recall of emotionally-charged experiences; involved in acquisition of classically conditioned emotional responses

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21
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

caused by bilateral lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes of primates; reduces fear/aggression, increases docility and compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, alters dietary habits, produce hypersexuality and “psychic blindness” (inability to recognize significance or meaning of events and objects)

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22
Q

hippocampus

A

associated with learning and memory

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23
Q

results of bilateral removal of medial temporal lobes

A

anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia for events occurring up to three years prior to the surgery

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24
Q

cingulate cortex

A

involved in attention, emotion, and the perception and subjective experience of pain

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25
Q

Frontal lobe parts

A

primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca’s area, prefrontal cortex

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26
Q

primary motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe; involved in execution of movements; arranged according to muscles they control

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27
Q

supplementary motor area

A

in frontal lobe; involved in the planning and control of movement; mediates motor imagery and involved in learning of new motor sequences

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28
Q

premotor cortex

A

in frontal lobe; important for control of movement in response to sensory stimuli

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29
Q

Broca’s area

A

in frontal lobe; major motor speech area; damage produces Broca’s (expressive) aphasia, which is characterized by difficulties producing spoken and written language

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30
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

involved in complex behaviors including emotion, memory, attention, self-awareness, and executive functions

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31
Q

hypofrontality is linked to

A

schizophrenia, ADHD, dementia

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32
Q

dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome

A

caused by damage to the dorsolateral area of the prefrontal cortex; characterized by impaired judgment, insight, planning, and organization; individuals tend to be concrete and perseverative, have trouble learning from experience, neglect their hygiene, have reduced sexual interest, and be apathetic

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33
Q

orbitofrontal disinhibition syndrome

A

caused by damage to orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex; involves emotional lability, distractibility, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight, “pseudopsychopathy”

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34
Q

mesial frontal apathetic syndrome

A

caused by damage to mediofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex; “pseudo depression”, impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions, diminished motor behavior and verbal output, lower-extremity weakness and sensory loss

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35
Q

parietal lobe functions

A

somatosensory cortex; governs pressure, temperature, pain, proprioception, and gustation

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36
Q

apraxia

A

caused by parietal lobe damage; inability to perform skilled motor movements

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37
Q

anosognosia

A

inability to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms or disorder; caused by parietal lobe damage

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38
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

caused by parietal lobe damage; finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia

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39
Q

temporal lobe parts

A

auditory cortexa and Wernicke’s area

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40
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

important for comprehension of language

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41
Q

Wenicke’s aphasia

A

characterized by severe deficits in language comprehension and abnormalities in language production

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42
Q

occipital lobe

A

contains visual cortex, which is responsible for visual perception, recognition, and memory

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43
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar faces

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44
Q

trichromatic theory

A

theory of color vision that says there are three different types of color receptors (cones) that are each receptive to a different primary color (red, blue, or green)

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45
Q

opponent-process theory

A

theory of color vision that says that three types of bipolar receptors exist– red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black

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46
Q

rate of color blindness

A

red/green affects about 8-10% of the male population

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47
Q

retinal disparity

A

two eyes see world from two different views; the closer the object, the greater the disparity

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48
Q

monocular versus binocular depth perception cues

A

binocular cues are more relevant for close objects, while monocular cues are more relevant for far-waya objects

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49
Q

gate-control theory of pain

A

nervous system can process only a limited amount of sensory information at one time; cells in spinal cord block some signals when too much input is received

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50
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the more intense the stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity required for the increase to produce a just noticeable difference

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51
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to their psychological sensations; a person’s experience of stimulus intensity increases arithmetically as the stimulus intensity increases geometrically

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52
Q

Stevens’s Power Law

A

describes a sensation as an exponential function of stimulus intensity; makes it possible to predict that doubling the intensity of a light less than doubles the sensation of the light’s brighten, but doubling the intensity of a shock more than doubles the physical sensation

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53
Q

parts of brain involved in memory encoding and retrieval

A

left cerebral cortex for encoding; right cerebral cortex (esp right frontal cortex) for retrieval; known as hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry

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54
Q

right temporal lobe damage and memory

A

deficits in nonverbal memory tasks (e.g., face recognition, spatial position, maze-learning, emotional memory)

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55
Q

left temporal lobe damage and memory

A

deficits in verbal memory (e.g., recall of word lists and stories, recognition of words and numbers)

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56
Q

hippocampus and memory

A

responsible for consolidating long-term declarative memories; essential for spatial memory and explicit memory; degradation linked with memory loss in normal aging and Alzheimer’s

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57
Q

amygdala and memory

A

plays a key role in fear conditioning and adding emotional significance to memories

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58
Q

prefrontal cortex and memory

A

plays a role in episodic memory and prospective memory and in constructive memory and false recognition

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59
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and memory

A

important for working memory; impairments in working memory in schizophrenia linked to abnormal activity in this area

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60
Q

thalamus and memory

A

involved in processing incoming information and transferring it to the cortex; damage to certain areas of the thalamus produces anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation (e.g., Korsakoff syndrome)

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61
Q

Basal ganglia, cerebellum and motor cortex and memory

A

play a role in procedural memory and implicit memory

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62
Q

synapse changes with memory

A

short-term memory involved neurochemical changes at existing synapses; long-term memory also entails an increase in the number of synapses and modifications of the structure of existing synapses

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63
Q

conduction aphasia

A

caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas; does not significantly affect language comprehension, but does result in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition

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64
Q

paraphasia

A

the substitution of words related in sound of meaning to the intended words

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65
Q

transcortical aphasia

A

caused by damage outside the language regions in areas that connect these regions to other brain regions

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66
Q

six basic emotions

A

fear, anger, happiness, disgust, surprise, sadness

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67
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli (you are sad because you are crying)

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68
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously as a result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and the peripheral nervous system; supported by similarity of bodily sensations across emotions

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69
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A

subjective emotional experiences are the consequence of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs

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70
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A

emotions are universal but there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised; the appraisal is the primary determining factor in what emotion is experienced

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71
Q

primary appraisal

A

a person’s evaluation of a situation as irrelevant positive-benign, or stressful with regard to his or her own well-being; this appraisal depends on the individual’s beliefs, values, and expectations

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72
Q

secondary appraisal

A

the person’s evaluation of the resources he or she has to cope with a situation that has been identified as stressful

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73
Q

re-appraisal

A

occurs when a person monitors the situation and , as necessary, modifies his or her primary and/or secondary appraisals

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74
Q

Papez’s circuit

A

neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion; includes the hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and cingulate gyrus; later modified to include cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus

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75
Q

cerebral cortex and emotion

A

left governs positive emotions (damage causes depression/anxiety/aggression/paranoia); right mediates negative emotions (damage causes indifference/apathy/emotional lability/undue cheerfulness and joking)

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76
Q

facial symmetry and emotion

A

emotion controlled more by right hemisphere; emotions shown more strongly on left side of face

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77
Q

hypothalamus and emotion

A

involved in the translation of emotion into physical responses; damage can cause a rage response or uncontrollable laughter

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78
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion

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79
Q

Type A Behavior Pattern

A

highly competitive and achievement oriented; sense of time urgency; hostile, easily irritated, and impatient; antagonistic personality is associated with health problems including coronary heart disease in males

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80
Q

when during pregnancy does sexual differentiation begin?

A

6-8 weeks after conception

81
Q

male-female brain differences

A

size of corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN

82
Q

beta waves (sleep)

A

alert, fully awake state

83
Q

alpha waves (sleep)

A

awake, rested, relaxed state

84
Q

theta waves (sleep)

A

deep relaxation, light sleep

85
Q

delta waves (sleep)

A

deep sleep

86
Q

five stages of sleep

A

1: sleep begins, alpha waves replaced by theta waves
2: theta waves predominate, but are interrupted by bursts of sleep spindles and K complexes
3: large, slow delta waves appear
4: delta waves dominate
5: REM sleep; EEG pattern similar to stages 1 and 2

87
Q

timing of sleep stages

A

sleeper passes through all 5 stages every 90-100 minutes; REM periods increase in length as the night progresses

88
Q

sleep stages in infants

A

young infants begin with REM sleep, and first four stages are not distinguishable from one another; sequence of REM and NREM sleep begins to reverse by about 3 months of age

89
Q

Six levels of consciousness

A

conscious, confused, delirious, obtunded, stuporous, comatose

90
Q

post-traumatic amnesia

A

post-injury anterograde amnesia; duration has been found to be a good predictor of persistence of symptoms

91
Q

retrograde amnesia in head injury

A

recent memories are affected more than remote memories, and remote memories return first

92
Q

recovery timeline for head injury

A

greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first three months, with considerable additional recovery occurring through the first year

93
Q

postconcussional syndrome/disorder

A

immediate symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, drowsiness; subsequent symptoms can include cognitive impairment, irritability, depression, anxiety; DSM diagnosis includes head injury, problems with attention or memory, and three other symptoms for at least three months

94
Q

three main causes of stroke

A
  1. thrombosis (blood clot), 2. embolism (blockage by material from another part of blood stream), 3. hemorrhage
95
Q

risk factors for stroke

A

hypertension, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, diabetes, smoking, increasing age (esp after 60)

96
Q

middle cerebral artery stroke symptoms

A

contralateral hemiplegia and hemianasthesia, controlateral homonymous hemianopia (visual field loss), dysarthira, aphasia, apraxia and sensory neglect

97
Q

posterior cerebral artery stroke symptoms

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia (visual field loss), memory loss, unilateral cortical blindness, visual agnosia

98
Q

anterior cerebral artery stroke symptoms

A

contralateral hemiplegia, gait apraxia, apathy, depression, confusion, impaired judgment/insight, bower and bladder incontinence, mutism

99
Q

Huntington’s Disease age of onset

A

30-50

100
Q

Huntington’s symptom progression

A
  1. emotional and cognitive symptoms (depression, apathy, anxiety, antisocial tendencies, forgetfulness); 2. early motor symptoms of fidgeting and clumsiness; 3. facial grimaces and “piano playing” movements of fingers (beginning of chorea); 4. progression of chorea, “dance-like” gait, athetosis (slow, writhing movements), 5. Dementia
101
Q

Huntington’s brain regions

A

loss of GABA-secreting neurons and glutamate exotoxicity in the basal ganglia, especially the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

102
Q

Parkinson’s brain regions

A

progressive degeneration of dopamine-containing cells in the substantial nigra, which affects other connecting areas including the thalamus and frontal lobes

103
Q

positive and negative Parkinson’s symptoms

A

positive: tremor at rest, muscle rigidity (including mask-like facial expression), akathisia; negative: postural disturbances, speech difficulties, bradykinesia (slowed movement), akinesia (reduction in spontaneous movement)

104
Q

Parkinson’s and depression

A

depression precedes motor symptoms in about 20%, about 50% have depression at some point during illness

105
Q

Parkinson’s treatment

A

L-dopa (dopamine agonist); injecting cells into the basal ganglia

106
Q

generalized seizures

A

bilaterally symmetrical, no focal onset; include tonic-clonic and absence seizures; may have thalamus involvement

107
Q

partial seizures

A

begin in one side of the brain and affect one side of the body initially, although they sometime spread and become generalized; include simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures; often involve temporal lobe, but can arise in one of the other lobes of the cerebral cortex

108
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

involves degeneration of the myelin that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord; believed to be an autoimmune response and can be triggered by genetic, viral, or environmental factors

109
Q

MS demographics

A

more common in women than men, onset usually between 20 and 40

110
Q

MS types

A

relapsing-remitting (80-85% initially); most progress to secondary progressive types, which involves gradual worsening with distance periods of relapse and remission

111
Q

symptoms of MS

A

optic neuritis, fatigue that worsens in afternoon, motor impairments, sensory abnormalities. Later symptoms include tremors, speech and swallowing problems, hearing loss, depression/anxiety/mood symptoms, cognitive impairment (in 50-70%, usually mild), sexual dysfunction, loss of bladder/bowel control

112
Q

primary (essential) versus secondary hypertension

A

primary has no known cause; secondary is related to anther condition

113
Q

demographic risk factors for hypertension

A

family history, older age, african american race, male (in younger group), female (in older group and African Americans)

114
Q

behavioral risk factors for hypertension

A

obesity, cigarette smoking, excessive use of table salt, stress

115
Q

fibromyalgia symptoms

A

muscle aches, tenderness, stiffness, fatigue, sleep disturbances; more common in females and in middle age; symptoms often respond to some extent to behavioral treatments

116
Q

classic versus common migraine

A

classic starts with an aura of focal neurological symptoms

117
Q

risk factors for migraine

A

menstruation, stress and relaxation after stress, changes in barometric pressure, alcohol, decongestant and analgesic overuse, certain foods; more common in women, linked to perfectionism, orderliness, neuroticism, inflexibility and ambitiousness

118
Q

etiology of migraine

A

constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the brain; linked to low serotonin levels

119
Q

prevalence of PMS symptoms

A

up to 75% of women experience some symptoms; 20-50% experience a “premenstrual syndrome,”; 3-5% meet criteria for PMDD

120
Q

pituitary gland

A

referred to as “master gland” because it influences other endocrine glands; produces antidiuretic hormone and somatotrophic (growth) hormone

121
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

produced in pituitary; acts in kidneys to mediate fluid retention; hypo secretion produces diabetes insipidus (excessive water loss)

122
Q

somatotrophic (growth) hormone

A

produced in pituitary; stimulates muscle and skeletal growth; hypo secretion produces dwarfism, which hyper secretion results in giantism in childhood and acromegaly (enlarged hands, feet, and facial features) in adulthood

123
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine

124
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

produces Grave’s disease, a disorder characterized by speeded metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, accelerated heart rate, agitation, emotional lability, fatigue, insomnia, and reduced attention span

125
Q

hypothyroidism

A

involves slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, slower heart rate, lowered body temperature, lethargy, depression, decreased libido, apathy, confusion, and impaired concentration and memory

126
Q

pancreas

A

releases insulin; too much insulin causes hypoglycemia, a disorder involving hunger, dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, palpitations, anxiety, depression, and confusion; too little causes diabetes mellitus, which can cause increased appetite with weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, increased susceptibility to infection, apathy, confusion, and mental dullness

127
Q

traditional antipsychotic drugs

A

phenothiazine, thioxanthene, and buyrophenone (haloperidol)

128
Q

indications for traditional antipsychotic use

A

schizophrenia, acute mania, deductions and hallucinations associated with MDD, organic psychoses; more effective for positive than negative symptoms

129
Q

traditional antipsychotic mode of action

A

blocks dopamine receptors in the brain (esp D2 receptors)

130
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is due to overactivity at dopamine receptors due to oversensitivity or receptors of excessive dopamine levels

131
Q

side effects of traditional antipsychotics

A

anticholinergic effects, extrapyramidal effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome

132
Q

anticholinergic effects

A

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, delayed ejaculation; usually appear early and disappear within a few weeks or months as tolerance is built up

133
Q

extrapyramidal side effects

A

caused by effects of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors, especially in the caudate nucleus; include Parkinsonism, akathisia, and acute dystonia

134
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

symptoms similar to Huntington’s that include involuntary rhythmic movements of jaw, lips, tongue, and extremities; usually late-occurring and more common in females and older patients; may be alleviated by a benzodiazepine or GABA agonist; most severe effects association with haloperidol (which is most potent)

135
Q

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

rapid onset of motor, mental, and autonomic symptoms include muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness; potentially fatal

136
Q

atypical antipsychotic drugs

A

include dibenzodiazepine (clozapine), benzisoxazole (resperidone), thienobenzodiazepine (olazapine), and dibenzothiazepine (quetiapine)

137
Q

atypical antipsychotic indications

A

schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and suicidality, alcohol and drug addiction, hostility, motor movement association with Huntington’s/Parkinson’s/other movement disorders

138
Q

atypical antipsychotic mode of action

A

act on D4 and other dopamine receptors and well as receptors for other neurotransmitter include serotonin and glutamate

139
Q

side effects of atypical antipsychotics

A

anticholinergic effects; lowered seizure threshold; sedation; extrapyramidal side effects are less common but can happen; agranulocytosis and other blood dyscrasias; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; require careful blood monitoring

140
Q

agranulocytosis

A

marked decrease in a certain type of white blood cell; can be a side effect of atypical antipsychotics

141
Q

tricyclics

A

amitriptyline; nortiptyline; doxepin, imipramine, comiprimaine

142
Q

tricyclic indications

A

most effective for depressions that involve decreased appetite and weight loss, early morning awakening/other sleep disturbances, psychomotor retardation, and anhedonia; particularly useful for alleviating vegatative/somatic symptoms of depression; also used for panic disorder, agoraphobia, bulimia, OCD, enuresis, and neuropathic pain

143
Q

tricyclic mode of action

A

block the reuptake of norephinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine at the synapses

144
Q

tricyclic side effects

A

cardiovascular symptoms (tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension or hypotension, cardic arrhythia); adverge affects more common in older people;

145
Q

tricyclic overdose

A

can be lethal and should not be prescribed in large quantities to patients at risk for suicide; symptoms of overdose include ataxia, impaired concentration, agitation, severe hypotension, fever, cardiac arrhythmia, delirium, seizures, and coma

146
Q

traditional antipsychotic drugs

A

phenothiazine, thioxanthene, and buyrophenone (haloperidol)

147
Q

indications for traditional antipsychotic use

A

schizophrenia, acute mania, deductions and hallucinations associated with MDD, organic psychoses; more effective for positive than negative symptoms

148
Q

traditional antipsychotic mode of action

A

blocks dopamine receptors in the brain (esp D2 receptors)

149
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is due to overactivity at dopamine receptors due to oversensitivity or receptors of excessive dopamine levels

150
Q

side effects of traditional antipsychotics

A

anticholinergic effects, extrapyramidal effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome

151
Q

anticholinergic effects

A

dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, delayed ejaculation; usually appear early and disappear within a few weeks or months as tolerance is built up

152
Q

extrapyramidal side effects

A

caused by effects of antipsychotics on dopamine receptors, especially in the caudate nucleus; include Parkinsonism, akathisia, and acute dystonia

153
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

symptoms similar to Huntington’s that include involuntary rhythmic movements of jaw, lips, tongue, and extremities; usually late-occurring and more common in females and older patients; may be alleviated by a benzodiazepine or GABA agonist; most severe effects association with haloperidol (which is most potent)

154
Q

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

rapid onset of motor, mental, and autonomic symptoms include muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness; potentially fatal

155
Q

atypical antipsychotic drugs

A

include dibenzodiazepine (clozapine), benzisoxazole (resperidone), thienobenzodiazepine (olazapine), and dibenzothiazepine (quetiapine)

156
Q

atypical antipsychotic indications

A

schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and suicidality, alcohol and drug addiction, hostility, motor movement association with Huntington’s/Parkinson’s/other movement disorders

157
Q

atypical antipsychotic mode of action

A

act on D4 and other dopamine receptors and well as receptors for other neurotransmitter include serotonin and glutamate

158
Q

side effects of atypical antipsychotics

A

anticholinergic effects; lowered seizure threshold; sedation; extrapyramidal side effects are less common but can happen; agranulocytosis and other blood dyscrasias; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; require careful blood monitoring

159
Q

agranulocytosis

A

marked decrease in a certain type of white blood cell; can be a side effect of atypical antipsychotics

160
Q

tricyclics

A

amitriptyline; nortiptyline; doxepin, imipramine, comiprimaine

161
Q

tricyclic indications

A

most effective for depressions that involve decreased appetite and weight loss, early morning awakening/other sleep disturbances, psychomotor retardation, and anhedonia; particularly useful for alleviating vegatative/somatic symptoms of depression; also used for panic disorder, agoraphobia, bulimia, OCD, enuresis, and neuropathic pain

162
Q

tricyclic mode of action

A

block the reuptake of norephinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine at the synapses

163
Q

tricyclic side effects

A

cardiovascular symptoms (tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension or hypotension, cardic arrhythia); adverge affects more common in older people;

164
Q

tricyclic overdose

A

can be lethal and should not be prescribed in large quantities to patients at risk for suicide; symptoms of overdose include ataxia, impaired concentration, agitation, severe hypotension, fever, cardiac arrhythmia, delirium, seizures, and coma

165
Q

SSRI’s

A

fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline

166
Q

SSRI mode of action

A

block the reuptake of serotonin

167
Q

SNRIs

A

include effexor (velafaxine) and duloxetine (cymbalta); serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; used for MDD, GAD, social anxiety, OCD; also used for certain pain conditions; may increase blood pressure and requires frequent monitoring

168
Q

lithium

A

drug of choice for bipolar, especially “classic” bipolar that includes elevated rather than irritable mood and without rapid cycling

169
Q

lithium mode of action

A

not well understood, but may be related to reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

170
Q

lithium side effects

A

gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, metallic taste, weight gain); fine hand tremor and shakiness; fatigue; restlessness; polyuria; polydipsia; major danger is toxicity

171
Q

lithium toxicity

A

symptoms include diarrhea, ataxia, drowsiness, slurred speech, confusion, and coarse tremor; serum levels must be closely monitored on lithium

172
Q

carbamazepine

A

aka Tegretol; initial used as an anticonvulsant but also indicated for mania; valproic acid (Depakote) and clonazepam (Klonopin) are other anticonvulsants that can be helpful for mood stabilization

173
Q

carbamazepine indications

A

helpful for bipolar that has not responded to lithium; more beneficial than lithium for those who experience frequent mood swings and for those with dysphoric mania

174
Q

carbamazepine mode of action

A

not well understood, but believed to impact serotonin levels

175
Q

carbamazepine side effects

A

dizziness; ataxia; visual disturbances; anorexia; nausea; rash; contraindicated for people with cardiac abnormalities; slight risk for agranulocyctosis and aplastic anemia and blood monitoring is required

176
Q

sedative-hypnotics

A

include barbiturates, anxiolytics, and alcohol; generalized CNS depressants with generally dose-dependent effects

177
Q

sedative-hypnotic withdrawal syndrome

A

tremors, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, paranoia, hallucinations, delirium, life-threatening convulsive seizures

178
Q

barbiturate types

A

amobarbital, pentobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital

179
Q

barbiturate side effects

A

used less often now due to serious side effects, which can include sedation, anesthesia, coma, and death; also can cause paradoxical excitement

180
Q

barbiturate mode of action

A

interrupt impulsis to the reticular activating system

181
Q

barbiturates and sleep

A

effect on inducing sleep usually lasts only a few weeks, than total sleep time may fall below pre-drug level; can also cause decrease in REM sleep; abrupt cessation can produce REM rebound and nightmares

182
Q

benzodiazephines

A

most widely-used psychiatric medications (anxiolytics); include diazepam, alprazolam, oxazepam, triazolam, chlordiazepoxide, and lorazepam

183
Q

benzodiazepine indications

A

relieve anxiety; treat sleep disturbances, seizures, CP, and other disorders involving muscle spasms, and alcohol withdrawal

184
Q

benzodiazepine mode of action

A

stimulate the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter GABA

185
Q

benzodiazepine side effects

A

drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, slurred speech, ataxia, impaired psychomotor ability, irritability, hostility, paradoxical excitation/agitation, increased appetite/weight gain, skin rash, blood dyscrasias, impaired sexual functioning, disorientation/confusion, sleep disturbances, anterograde amnesia, depression

186
Q

benzodiazepine withdrawal

A

includes hyper excitability, seizures, depersonalization, panic, and stroke

187
Q

beta blockers

A

includes propranolol (Inderal); used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and other cardio disorders; tremors; migraine headaches; glaucoma; also useful for alleviating physical symptoms associated with anxiety

188
Q

beta-blocker mode of action

A

block beta-adrenergic receptors, which respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine

189
Q

side effects of beta-blockers

A

bradycardia; shortness of breath; arterial insufficiency; nausea; diarrhea; depression; dizziness; sexual dysfunction; trouble sleeping; numbness/tingling in fingers and toes

190
Q

narcotic-analgesics

A

opiods; have both sedative and analgesic properties; include opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, Percodan, Dilaudid, Demerol, Darvon, methadone

191
Q

narcotic-analgesic indications

A

pain, diarrhea, cough suppressant

192
Q

opioid mode of action

A

bind to body’s natural opioid receptors

193
Q

opioid side effects

A

constricted pupils; decreased visual acuity; increased perspiration; constipation; nausea; vomiting; respiratory depression

194
Q

opioid withdrawal

A

symptoms include what seems like a bad case of the flu

195
Q

amphetamine usage

A

narcolepsy and ADHD

196
Q

stimulant drug mechanism of action

A

potentiate the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and block their reuptake

197
Q

naltrexone

A

used to prevent alcohol use in those with abuse/dependence; opioid receptor antagonist that blocks the craving for and reinforcing effects of alcohol

198
Q

disulfiram (Antabuse)

A

used to prevent alcohol use in those with abuse/dependence; inhibits alcohol metabolism and causes nausea, vomiting, sweating, headaches that deter individual fro drinking

Clinical Psychology (4 decks)

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