Psychological Assessment Flashcards
Levels of examiner qualifications
A: can be used by non psychologist; B: some training; C: master’s plus one year of supervision by licensed psychologist
Carroll’s Three-Stratum Theory of intelligence
Stratum III is g; Stratum II consists of 8 broad abilities; Stratum I consists of specific abilities that are each linked to one of the Stratum II abilities
McGrew’s CHC theory
ten broad-stratum level abilities and over 70 narrow-stratum abilities; g is omitted from theory; framework for KABC-II and WJ-III
Guilford’s theory
convergent (logical/rational reasoning) and divergent (nonlogical creative thinking) reasoning
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
3 abilities: analytical, creative, and practical; defines “successful intelligence” as the ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one’s goals and the goals of society
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic
proportion of intelligence due to genetic factors
32-64% (heritability .60 to .80)
heritability of IQ and age
impact of genetic factors on IQ increases with age, at least until middle age (impact of environmental factors decreases with age)
confluence model
children’s IQ scores decrease from the child that is born first to the child that is born last
Flynn effect
increase in IQ scores of around 3 points per decade
aging and intelligence
crystallized intelligence increases until about age 60, but fluid intelligence peaks in late adolescence and thereafter declines
longitudinal studies of intelligence
processing speed decreases earliest; intelligence does not have significant declines until after age 60
intelligence testing and race
Whites outperform African Americans on IQ tests by about one standard deviation
slope bias (test bias)
differential validity of a test across different groups–test is more accurate for one group than for another
intercept bias (test bias)
occurs when validity coefficients across groups are the same, but one group consistently over- or under predicts performance for one of the groups
advantage of Kaufman tests
supposed to be more culture-fair
slosson test advantages
can be used with visually impaired individuals
Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
for infants 3-12 months of age; assesses selective attention to novel stimuli
Columbia Mental Maturity Scale
does not require verbal or fine motor responses; good for use with children with physical disabilities
Haptic intelligence scale
adult intelligence scale for blind individuals
Hiskey-Nebraska test
for individuals with hearing impairments; administered in pantomime
Kuhlmann-Anderson Test
group test for K-12 children that evaluates school learning ability
Cognitive Abilities Test
measures reasoning abilities linked to academic success for K-12 children; group test
Wonderlic Tests
12-minute test of cognitive ability for adults used by employers to evaluate individual’s employability
performance-based assessment
assessment of skills based on observing and judging actually carrying out an activity; useful for assessing students from culturally and linguistically diverse groups
WRAT4
brief test of reading, spelling, and math skills for ages 5:0 to 94:11
SAT scores and predictive validity
SAT writing is best predictor of first year college GPA; best combination of predictors is SAT scores plus high school GPA; SAT scores are related to socioeconomic status and ethnicity
purpose and use of aptitude test batteries
most often used in educational and vocational counseling of high school and college students and in selection and placement programs provided by state employment agencies and the armed services
aptitude test batteries and differential validity
most batteries have low differential validity; scores on one subtest are highly correlated with grades in a variety of courses
Differential Aptitude Tests
five subtests that assess specific job-related abilities and three subtests that assess general intellectual abilities; designed for use with students in 7-12 grades
General Aptitude Test Battery
assesses nine aptitudes; tests are highly speeded and not appropriate for slow workers; developed by US employment service to assess people for job counseling and placement
interest inventories predictive validity
good predictors of occupational choice, satisfaction, and persistence; less valid at predicting academic and occupational success; best when combined with measures of self-confidence, self-efficacy, and personality
Strong Interest Inventory
appropriate for ages 15+; includes general occupational themes, basic interest scales, occupational scales, personal styles scales, and administrative indices
Kuder Tests
includes college major scales, vocational interest estimates, and dependability scales
Self-Directed Search
matches preferences with job characteristics in six areas (RIASEC); realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
congruence (Self-Directed Scale)
degree of consistency between the examinee’s expressed interests and their summary code
coherence (Self-Directed Scale)
degree to which the examinee’s expressed interests below to the same RIASEC categories
consistency (Self-Directed Scale)
similarity of the examinee’s two strongest measured interests
differentiation (Self-Directed Scale)
degree of distinctiveness of the examinee’s measured interests
commonness (Self-Directed Scale)
frequency with which the examinee’s summary code occurred in different normative groups
MMPI L (lie) scale
high score indicates tendency to present self in favorable light or lack of insight; associated with poor response to therapy
MMPI F (frequency) scale
suggests attempt to “fake bad” or significant pathology; low score may indicate attempt to “fake good” or absence of pathology
MMPI K (correction) scale
high score indicates high degree of defensiveness or denial, desire to “fake good” or responding “false” to many items; high score is associated with poor treatment prognosis
MMPI F Back (Fb) scale
used to identify an attempt to “fake bad” on the last 197 items of the test
MMPI VRIN scale
variable response inconsistency; indicates inconsistency of responding when too high
MMPI TRIN scale
indicates inconsistency in responding if too high; true response inconsistency
MMPI Fp scale
infrequency-pathology; indicates attempt to “fake bad”; items uncommonly endorsed even by psychiatric patients
MMPI validity pattern that suggests “faking good”
V-shaped pattern; elevated L and K with low score on F
MMPI validity pattern that suggests “faking bad”
elevated F scale score, high F-K index; also L and K around 50 and F scale slightly elevated
MMPI validity pattern that suggests random responding
very elevated F score and high scores on most or all of the clinical scales
MMPI validity pattern that suggests all “true” answers
L and K below 50, with F and clinical scale scores on the right side of the profile (6-9) very elevated; when answers all case, scale 1-5 are elevated
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
personality test that includes paired items to rank-order different basic needs (there are 15)
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
Cattell; created on the basis of factor analysis; profiles can be compared with specific groups (e.g., delinquents, neurotics, workers in various occupations)
NEO Personality Inventory 3 (NEO-PI-3)
assesses Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience); originally derived from athoeoretical analysis of words in dictionary
Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator
based on work of Carl Jung; describes personality in terms of four bipolar dimensions: introversion-extraversion, sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling, judging-perceiving
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III
used to assist in diagnosing Axis I and II disorders
Rorschach
Exner scoring system is most supported; some facets appear to predict psychosis and intelligence test scores
Thematic Apperception Test
based on Henry Murray’s theory of needs; not thought to be useful for fine diagnostic distinctions, but may be useful for gross ones (e.g., psychosis versus neurosis)
Halstead-Reitan battery
used to assess brain damage; has total score from 0-1, with 0-.2=normal, .3-.4=mild impairment, .5-.7=moderate impairment, .8-1=severe impairment
Larry P. vs. Riles
court case that stated that IQ tests are culturally bound and outlawed using them to place black students in special ed classes
