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239 - Midterm 2 > Psychophysiological disorders + health psychology > Flashcards

Psychophysiological disorders + health psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what are psychophysiological disorders?

A
  • genuine physical illnesses, with identifiable medical explanations, in which psychological factors play a significant role.
    ex: high bp + stress
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2
Q

psychophysiological disorders - previously known as?

A

psychosomatic disorders

- psyche (mind) has unfavourable effect on soma (body)

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3
Q

difference compared to somatic symptom disorders

A

somatic symptom = physical symptom without identifiable medical explanations, as a manifestation of psychological problems

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4
Q

differentiation between psychophysiological vs somatic

A

physical vs psychological = difficult to distinguish

- dividing into physical + mental causes is artificial because there are many contributors + lots of overlap/interplay.

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5
Q

nature vs nurture - twin study

A

if one twin develops schizophrenia, odds for other one are about 48%. not 1:1, more than just genetic component

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6
Q

mind-body link + fields of study

A

basis for fields of study called:

  • behavioural medicine: interdisciplinary field, behavioural science applied to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical problems.
  • health psychology: study of psychological factors that promote and maintain health
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7
Q

key to behavioural medicine + health psychology

A

prevention!

- advocate for healthy lifestyle, healthy changes, health policy.

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8
Q

CVD as psychophysiological disorder

A
  • genuine physical disease with medical explanation, in which psychological factors play a huge role
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9
Q

CVD facts

A

~45% of deaths cause by CVD

- leading cause of death in Canada

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10
Q

what is psychological about CVD?

A
  • behaviours promote
  • prevented by altering lifestyle
  • mental health impacts ability to cope
  • mood disorders are more present with chronic illness.
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11
Q

what is stress?

A

physiological response to our environment

  • stressors: stimuli that are stressful
  • response: emotional upset, poor performance etc.
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12
Q

Hans Selye descrives stress how?

A
  • body’s response to sustained stress : General Adaptation Syndrome.
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13
Q

what is General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  1. alarm reaction: ANS activated by stress
  2. Resistance: Damage occurs or organism adapts to stress
  3. Exhaustion: organism dies or suffers irreversible damage
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14
Q

Hans Selye + his rats

A

noticed they developed gastric ulcers, large adrenal glands, smaller lymph nodes.

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15
Q

several ways to categorize stress

A
  • major vs minor
  • acute vs chronic
  • psychogenic vs neurogenic
  • controllable vs uncontrollable
  • predictable vs unpredictable
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16
Q

what is allostatic load

A

refers to wear + tear on body from chronic physiological stress

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17
Q

individual differences in stress

A
  • diff response
  • diff perception of stress
  • diff coping strategies to deal with stress.
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18
Q

2 types of coping

A

problem-focused coping

emotion-focused coping

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19
Q

what is problem-focused coping?

A

solution focused: direct action to solve a problem, or seek information that’s relevant to a solution.
- best when person can do something about situation

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20
Q

what is emotion-focused coping?

A

efforts to reduce negative emotional reaction to stress

- best when situation is uncomfy + there’s no direct solution

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21
Q

what is the Goodness of fit hypothesis?

A

measure of adaptativeness; adaptation maximized by match of situation to coping strategy

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22
Q

2 ways of unhealthy coping

A

denial
avoidance
- may work in short term, but long-term is not effective

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23
Q

what is social readjustment rating scale

A

2 psychiatrists.

  • give score (Life change units) to 43 life events.
  • if higher than 300 = at risk for illness
  • psychological factors affect onset of illness + dealing with news of illness
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24
Q

measuring stress

- assessment of daily experiences

A

rated + reported daily experiences at the end of each day.

- more undesirable and fewer desirable = preceded respiratory infections

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25
Q

measuring stress

- daily hassles scale

A

connection between daily hassles and poor psychological and physiological adjustment

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26
Q

measuring stress

- brief college hassles scale

A

looks at academic interpersonal and financial hassles

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27
Q

what is job stress?

A

impacted by personality/stressful occupation.

- linked to depression + absences

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28
Q

what is job spillover

A

typically when job stress bleeds into the home + impacts entire family life

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29
Q

what is job burnout?

A

extreme burnout in occupational setting

- reduced performance, cognitive impairment, depression, CVD

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30
Q

student health - predictors for less positive health status?

A

poorer child-parent relationship
low interest and achievement in school
lower self-esteem
being female

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31
Q

top health problems in students?

A 
allergy
back pain
sinus infection
depression
strep throat
32
Q

top 5 factors interfering with academic performance

A

stress, cold/flu/sore throat, sleep difficulties, concern for troubled friend/family member, internet use/computer games

33
Q

Assessing Coping

- brief COPE questionnaire

A

Lists several coping strategies, respondents rank how frequently each is used.

  • active coping; suppression of competing activities; planning; restraint; social support; positive reframing; religion, acceptance, denial, behavioural disengagement, humour, self-distraction.
34
Q

assessing coping - longitudinal studies

A

longitudinal, not just associations, are useful to identify which coping strategies precede which outcomes

35
Q

poor coping techniques

A
  • denial + avoidance, short term gain = long term pain
36
Q

rumination as coping technique

A

lingering on an emotional preoccupation - prolongs the stress response
trait rumination + state rumination

37
Q

trait rumination

A

general tendency to ruminate - stable personality trait of rumination, consistently have less adaptation

38
Q

state rumination

A

if currently ruminating.

39
Q

poor coping assoc with what personality?

A

hostile personality = poorer outcomes

40
Q

stress + coping

- interaction between?

A

personality = trait anxiety

situation + behaviours = state anxiety

41
Q

why are scales helpful?

A

help understand coping style, how individual deals with stressful situations. if aware of coping strategy can change + improve them

42
Q

moderate stress-illness link?

A

yes, find goodness of fit.

social support can be helpful

43
Q

four functions of social support?

A

structural: network increases mortality
functional: quality - better decreases CVD
emotional
instrumental

44
Q

biological theories of stress-illness link?

A

somatic-weakness theory
specific-reaction theory
- prolonged exposure to stress hormones

45
Q

what is somatic-weakness theory?

A

if born with a weak organ/system, stress could tip the balance.

46
Q

what is specific reaction theory?

A

physio response is idiosyncratic

- individual body systems that are most responsive are most susceptible to problems

47
Q

prolonged exposure to stress hormones?

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

  • short term, adaptive
  • body + brain are not designed for long-term continuous exposure

catecholamines (Da,NA,A) prepare body for stress, stimulant/upper effect on body

limbic system: emotional processing part of our brain closely located to hypothalamus

stress activates SNS + HPA

48
Q

cortisol in short term?

A
  • increase blood sugar

- suppresses inflammation

49
Q

cortisol in long term

A

decrease immunity
reduces bone formation
damages hippocampus (loss of memory, no longer breaks = increase cortisol further)

50
Q

stress + immunity

A

exposure to cold virus - infection increases

  • intensity of stress relates to severity of infection
  • quality + quantity of social relationships affects chances of infection
  • positivity and optimism protect against developing a cold
51
Q

cognitive and behavioural factors of stress

A
  • perception of life has effect on chronic stress experience
  • perception can stimulate HPA and SNS
  • negative emotions can keep body in constant state or arousal/emergency
52
Q

what is CVD?

A

diseases involving heart + circulatory system
- hypertension; coronary artery disease; stroke
- can be prevented
limited awareness of major causes

53
Q

hypertension - stats/facts

A
  • major risk factor for kidney disease, heart disease + stroke
  • leading risk factor in world
  • 1/5 receive treatment
54
Q

silent killer?

A

hypertension

- most cases without an other biological cause.

55
Q

measurement of bp

A

systolic/diastolic
120/80
stage 1: 140/90
stage 2: 160/100

56
Q

hypertension risk factors

A

non-modifiable: family history, age, under 64 yoa males more likely, over 64 F more likely,

modifiable: stress! exercise, diet, alcohol, smoking, sleep apnea

57
Q

what is cardiovascular reactivity

A

pre-disposing factor

  • extent to which your heart rate + bp increase with stress
  • highly heritable
58
Q

what are two forms of coronary artery disease?

A

angina pectoris (chest pain due to ischemia, atherosclerosis)

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

59
Q

triggers of myocardial infarction

A

acute/chronic stress

anger, physical exertion, jobs with limited control, highly demanding jobs

60
Q

diathesis-stress model

A
  • interaction of predisposition and stress

- risk factors historically didn’t include stress, left half of instances of CArtery Disease unexplained

61
Q

2 types of psychological diatheses for CAD

A

Type A personality = more intense, competitive = more susceptible

type D: distressed, worries, increased risk for morbidity +mortality, fewer positive coping behaviours overall

62
Q

biological diathesis for CAD

A

cardiovascular reactivity

63
Q

treatment for CVD

A
  • lifestyle measures
  • medication if severe
  • psychotherapeutic approaches to reduce anger, anxiety, depression. (cog-behave for systematic desensitization, exposures, behavioural rehearsals; psychoanalytic for emotional/unconscious releases)
  • reduce risk factors
  • decrease anxiety, depression, anger
  • biofeedback
  • cardiac rehabilitation (highly anxious benefit the most)
64
Q

chronic pain - how many ppl effected?

A

2.4 mill cited chronic pain as factor that limited their activities

65
Q

what is chronic pain?

A

nerve impulses connoting pain reach the spinal column + spinal column controls the pain sensations sent to the brain, brain sends signals back down

66
Q

chronic pain + suffering

A

emotional response to pain, varies by individual

- pain behaviour is observable

67
Q

chronic pain + co-morbidity?

A

opiate conditions/addictions + chronic pain.

- tolerance for pain is low, want drastic measures

68
Q

chronic pain - experience vs experience

– why?

A

not 1:1 relationship.

  • gate-control theory: brain can facilitate/inhibit experience of pain
  • distraction can control both acute + chronic pain
  • lowered anxiety, optimism + control reduce sensation of pain
69
Q

medications + chronic pain

A

dont help much

  • opioids have a quick tolerance level = lose effect quickly.
  • withdrawal + rebound effect
  • cycle of medication
70
Q

“treatment” for chronic pain

A
  • reduce catastrophization
  • encourage exercise
  • relaxation training
  • address beliefs, attitudes, expectations, interpersonal
71
Q

why dont we want a pain-free existence?

A

pain is adaptive

- pain keeps you safe.

72
Q

mindfulness + chronic pain

A

low trait mindfulness with pain catastrophization

73
Q

what is mindfulness?

A

developed awareness of perceptions in an emotionally non-reactive and non-evaluative way. emotional regulation designed to reduce stress + feeling out of control.

74
Q

CBT-based mindfulness as treatment for chronic pain?

A

reduces pain intensity, anxiety, depression, catastrophization

75
Q

gender differences in mortality + disease

A
  • women live longer, but less healthy
  • W lower rates of obesity + being overweight
  • W more disabilities
  • HRT protect women from mortality
  • critical determinants of health status
    – men: smoking, alcohol
    – women: caring for family, social support + wealth
    mortality rate gap is decreasing btw W+M
  • more death assoc with lifestyle factors
76
Q

SES + Health

A

low SES = ^ rates of mortality.
low SES increase risky behaviours = increase risk for disease
- higher mortality with lower SES + greater presentation in ER
- lower SES = health disadvantages

239 - Midterm 2 (5 decks)

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