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Psychobiology semester 1 > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Pharmacokinetics ?

A

-Understanding how drugs are handled by the body

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2
Q

What are Pharmacodynamics?

A

the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs

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3
Q

What are the 6 routes of administration?

A

Oral
Rectal
Other mucus membranes
Transdermal patches
Inhalation
Injection

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4
Q

Describe Oral administration

A

-Most absorption occurs in the small intestine
-Rate = slow
-Fastest on an empty stomach

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5
Q

What are 2 advantages of oral administration

A

-Easy
-Can easily be taken out of system depending on when consumed (e.g. overdose) Limited infection risk

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6
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of Oral administration

A

-Amount of food in gut can make absorption unpredictable (e.g. alcohol on an empty/ full stomach)

-Some drugs irritate the stomach, induce vomiting

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7
Q

Describe Rectal administration, give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage

A

Suppositories
A = Can be used if person is vomiting or unconscious
D = Not well accepted by some

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8
Q

What are the 3 other mucus membranes, describe each

A

Sublingual = Under the tongue
Absorbed through mucous membranes

Buccal = mouth
Absorbed through lining of mouth

Nasal = Inhaled or snorted
Absorbed by mucous membranes in the nose

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9
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of mucus membranes

A

A = Avoid first pass metabolism

D = All relatively slow compared to inhalation/ injection

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10
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

The extent to which a drug is metabolised by the liver before reaching systemic circulation

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11
Q

Describe transdermal patches, give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage

A

-controlled release from a reservoir through a membrane
A = Long duration of action
D = Sweat and moisture may lift the patch

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12
Q

Describe inhalation, give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage

A

-Gases
-Aerosols
-Smoke

A = Very fast
D = Can cause damage to lungs

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13
Q

Describe the 3 types of injection

A

Intravenous (IV)
Very fast
Can cause clots/ infection

Intermuscular
Not as fast as IV or inhalation but faster than others

Subcutaneous
Drug diffuses into area between skin and muscle
Can only inject small volumes

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14
Q

Name 4 that factors determine the choice of route of administration

A

-Ease of administration
-Desired onset duration of action
-Quantity of drug to be administered
-Balance of risk vs benefits

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15
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter

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16
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Dampen or block the effects of a neurotransmitter

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17
Q

What is the difference between a direct agonist and an indirect agonist

A

Direct agonist = Mimics effects of neurotransmitter

indirect agonist = Enhance the action of a natural neurotransmitters

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18
Q

What is an inverse agonist?

A

Produces the opposite physiological changes to an agonist

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19
Q

What is the difference between a direct antagonist and an indirect antagonist

A

Direct antagonist = binds to and blocks neurotransmitter receptors, preventing the neurotransmitters themselves from attaching to the receptors

Indirect antagonist = Dampens neurotransmitter activity by inhibiting the release/ production of neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What is allosteric modulation?

A

-A chemical (modulator)that binds to a different part of the receptor than the neurotransmitter

-By doing so alters the receptors response to the neurotransmitter

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21
Q

How can you Quantify the effects of a drug?

A

-quantified by a dose- response curve

-Plotting the relationship between drug dose and response under identical conditions allows comparison of pharmacological profile of drugs

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22
Q

How does the dose- response curve measure potency?

A

ED50: A measure of potency
-The amount of drug required to produce a specific effect indicates potency

-ED50 is the dose producing half the maximal effect

23
Q

What is drug efficiacy?

A

the maximum response that can be achieved with a drug.

24
Q

What effects does Alcohol have on the brain

A

-Enhances GABA transmission by binding to the GABAA receptor

-Allosteric modulator

-Indirectly affects neurotransmission in serotonin, opioid and dopamine systems

25
Q

What are the long term effects of consuming alcohol

A

General health issues
Liver cirrhosis
Cancer
Foetal alcohol syndrome

Brain effects
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Withdrawal

26
Q

What are the two routes of administration for cocaine

A

Inhalation (smoking crack cocaine)
mucous membrane = nasal (snorting)

27
Q

What effects does cocaine have on the brain

A

Blocks dopamine transporter
-Prolongs the duration that dopamine remains in the synapses
(Indirect agonist)

28
Q

what are the chronic physical and psychological effects of cocaine?

A

-Smoking: lung congestion
-Snorting: damaged nasal membranes
-Psychosis

29
Q

What are the 4 routes of administration Amphetamines (meth)

A

Oral administration (Swallowed)
Mucous membrane (snorted)
Injection
Inhalation (smoked)

30
Q

What are the initial effects of amphetamines

A

Euphoria
Feeling of well being
Decreased tiredness

31
Q

What are the later effects of amphetamines

A

Irritability
Paranoia
Tremor
Long term use = Psychosis

32
Q

What are the effects of amphetamines on the brain

A

Stimulates the release of dopamine and non adrenaline

33
Q

What are the 2 routes of administration for nicotine

A

Inhalation
transdermal path
oral (gum)

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action for nicotine

A

Direct agonist
Stimulant
Activation increases release of neurotransmitters including dopamine

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action for caffeine

A

Adenosine receptors inhibit the activation of dopamine receptors

Caffeine reduces this inhibition

Increases dopamine signalling

So caffeine is a stimulant through being a direct antagonist

36
Q

What are the effects of caffeine

A
  • Alertness
  • Decreased fatigue
  • Improved motor coordination
  • Can precipitate panic attacks for those who suffer with panic attacks
37
Q

What are the natural and synthetic opioid drugs

A

Natural: Morphine & Codeine

Synthetic: heroin, fentanyl, oxycodone

38
Q

How a heroin metabolised

A

In the brain, heroin is metabolised into morphine

39
Q

What is the main opioid receptor

A

mu

40
Q

What are the main ingredients in cannabis

A

Cannabis sativa plant
Dozens of chemicals
Main active ingredient is cannabinoid Delta 9-THC

41
Q

How is cannabis eliminated

A

THC is metabolised and then eliminated in urine

42
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cannabis

A

CB1 and CB2 receptors
THC is a direct agonist

43
Q

List all the 9 factors contributing to differences in drug effects

A
  • Kinetic differences
  • Pharmacodynamic differences
  • Body size
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Race
  • Socio economic environmental
  • Context
  • Tolerance & sensitisation
44
Q

How can kinetic differences cause differences in drug effects

A

For same doses a different amount of drug reaches site of action

45
Q

How can pharmacodynamic differences cause differences in drug effects

A

for same drug concentrations at site of action, different physiological responses e.g. allergic reaction

46
Q

How can body size cause differences in drug effects

A

The same dose produces a smaller response in a larger person

47
Q

How can age cause differences in drug effects

A

Metabolism
Liver mass is reduced
Decreased liver function

48
Q

How can sex cause differences in drug effects

A

Compared with men, women have on average…
- Lower plasma volume
- Higher proportion of body fat
- Differences in drug response according to phase of menstrual cycle

49
Q

How can race cause differences in drug effects

A

Asian and African American populations tend to have higher frequencies of slow metabolism genetic variants

Smokers with slower nicotine metabolism may smoke less extensively

50
Q

How can context cause differences in drug effects

A

A placebo is a drug that lacks any intrinsic pharmacological activity can produce effects that are indistinguishable from a “real” drug, both behavioural and physiological

51
Q

What are the 2 types of drug tolerance

A

Metabolic
- Typically the drug is metabolised faster with repeated use

Cellular
- Neurons adjust their functioning to compensate for the action of the drug on the cell

52
Q

What is sensitisation of a drug

A
  • Response to drug increases over time
53
Q

what are 2 Factors affecting the absorption, distribution and metabolism of alcohol

A

Presence of food in the stomach

Sex
- Men have a greater vascular capacity (greater body mass, alcohol more diluted in men’s blood)

Psychobiology semester 1 (5 decks)

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