Motivation

Question 1

What is the DSM- 5 definition of PTSD

Answer 1

Triggered by exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation

• Causes clinically significant distress or impairment in the individuals important areas of functioning

Question 2

What are the 4 diagnostic clusters of PTSD

Answer 2

Re- experiencing
Avoidance
Negative cognitions
arousal

Question 3

What does a PTSD patients Amygdala and PFC look like

Answer 3

• PTSD patients have an overactive amygdala and an underactive PFC
• There is a negative correlation between activity in the amygdala and PFC in PTSD patients

Question 4

What are maladaptive fear memories

Answer 4

• Trauma memories that are overly strong

Question 5

Why do PTSD patients have enhanced memory

Answer 5

• They have lower levels of cortisol (stress hormone)
• Cortisol and NA compete with each other
• High levels of one means low levels of the other
• PTSD patients have low cortisol meaning high Non adrenaline
• NA is important for memory consolidation
  Resulting in stronger memory of that trauma

Question 6

How do we know PTSD patients have low cortisol

Answer 6

• And it is shown to be reduced before PTSD
• shown in twin studies Where one has PTSD and the other hasn’t but the one with PTSD still have lower levels cortisol

Question 7

What are the practical implication that Enhanced Noradrenaline might enhance traumatic memories

Answer 7

• If we get rid of noradrenaline at the time of trauma it may be able to stop the traumatic memory from getting overly strong in the first place

Question 8

What is motivation

Answer 8

Behaviour that varies over time (variable) that is directed to specific outcomes

Question 9

What is homeostasis

Answer 9

the body knows what state it’s supposed to be in and can detect what state it is in.

if there is a deviation there will be physiological responses

Question 10

Describe all aspects of the drive theory

Answer 10

• Homeostasis is the maintenance of an ideal, stable physiological environment (set point)
• Deviations (error detector) detected by homeostasis can drive behaviour (e.g. physiological reaction of sweating can cause someone to take off a jacket)
• And once the its back at the set point there is no drive

Question 11

Describe all aspects of the incentive motivation theory

Answer 11

• Behaviour is motivated towards rewards (incentives)
• Rewarding properties of stimuli alter behaviour
• Hedonic reward (positive emotion in relation to reward)
• Often learnt

Question 12

What is Preparatory behaviour

Answer 12

• This can include anything beyond a verbalization of thought, such as assembling a specific method

Question 13

What is Consummatory behaviour

Answer 13

• A behaviour pattern that occurs in response to a stimulus and that achieves the satisfaction of a specific drive

Question 14

What types of behaviour aren’t motivated

Answer 14

• Simple spinal and brainstem reflexes
• Grasp reflexes
• Pain withdrawal reflexes
• There is now variability in these behaviours (always the same)