Psychopathy Flashcards
What are the three categories of phobia
specific phobia - fear of a specific object e.g animal
social phobia - fear of social situations, e.g public speaking
Agoraphobia - fear of being outside or in public spaces
What does the DSM-5 say about phobias?
DSM-5 categorises phobias as extreme + irrational responses to stimuli.
What is a specific phobia - in detail
- sufferers show persistent, irrational, overwhelming fear of specific obj.
- is a simple phobia
- animal types, natural environment types, blood infection types, situational types
- even thinking abt causes anxiety
- results in avoidance - can have detrimental effect on quality of life.
- most common category
What is a social phobia - in detail
- type of complex phobia
- persistent, irrational overwhelming fear of social situations
- even thinking abt causes anxiety
- results in avoidance, detrimental effect on quality of life
- usually begins in adolescence, often has no obvious trigger
What is Agoraphobia - in detail
- complex phobia
- sufferers show irrational, persistent overwhelming fear of being out in a situation or place that would be difficult embarassing to get out of if they had a panic attack
- fearful of public places, even thinking about causes anxiety
- avoidance, detrimental effect on quality of life, sufferers often fearful of leaving home
- least common
What are the two processes in the model of phobia development
operant + classical conditioning
What does behavioural approach say abt phobias
- Mowrer (1947) proposed two process model
- suggests phobias are
- acquired through classical conditioning
- maintained through operant conditioning
classical conditioning - neutral stimulus + feared obj (UCS) = phobia of neutral stimulus which becomes CS - phobias maintained through operant conditioning -
- operant conditioning occurs when behaviour is either rewarded or punished, which tends to increase frequency of that behaviour.
- negative reinforcement - avoidance of unpleasant behaviour situation by avoiding feared stimulus, sufferer avoids fear, behaviour repeated, sufferer fails to face fear, = phobia maintained
What is depression?
Depression is a mood disorder, characterised by low mood that lasts for weeks or months that affects your daily life - associated with withdrawing from social + work life
What are categories of depression re cognised by the DSM-5 (different disorders)
- Major depressive disorder - severe but usually short lived depression
- persistent depressive disorder - long lasting depression, including sustained major depression + what was previously called dysthymia
- disruptive mood dysregulation disorder - characterised by childhood temper tantrums
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder - disruption in mood before/during menstruation
What are the 3 ways to consider depression
- cognitive - (ways people process info) - different to others or to how they would normally process info
- Emotional - lowered mood being pronounced
- behaviour - behaviour changes during a depressive episode
What are the cognitive characteristics of depression
Negative thinking
-Sufferers have a negative view of the world and their lives
-They are inclined to pay more attention to the negative aspects of a situation
- They are also more likely to recall negative events
Poor concentration
- Suffers often find it difficult to concentrate on tasks or make decisions
- This will usually interfere with their work
What are the emotional characteristics of depression
Low mood:
Suffers feel sad, empty and hopeless
Low self-esteem:
This can be quite extreme, with some sufferers describing a sense of self-loathing
Anger:
often experience anger, sometimes extreme anger
This anger can be directed at the self or others
It can lead to self-harming or aggressive behaviour
