Psychopathology

Question 1

definitions

Answer 1

syndrome: collection of symptoms >chance; ?aetiology
illness: known aetiology, pathology, course, and prognosis
disorder: course and prognosis; ?patho/aetio

primary vs. secondary (resulting from primary Sx e.g. delusion due to hallucination)
form (structure/type; diagnostic) vs. content (description; ID form)

Question 2

false perceptions

Answer 2

illusions: misinterpretation
pseudohallucinations: internal, mixed hallucination/fantasy, ?insight
hallucinations: no stimuli; audio (1/2/3), visual, haptic/somatic, olfactory/gustatory
- hypnagogic/hypnopompic, extracampine, functional (triggered, same modality), reflex (different modality)
- haptic: tactile, formication, thermal, hygric, visceral, kinaesthetic
- visual: autoscopic (image of self), lilliputian (miniatures), Charles Bonnet (elderly, blind)

Question 3

delusions (part of thought disorder)

fleeting vs. sustained
systematised (common theme) vs. encapsulated (isolated)

Answer 3

false fixed unshakable belief, not religious/educational/cultural/social

form: primary (e.g. perception) or secondary (e.g. nihilistic in severe depression)
- mood congruent, bizarre (impossible), partial (less intense/conviction; ?recovery)

content: persecution, reference, religious, love (De Clerambault), jealousy (Othello), guilt/worthless, nihilism (Cotard’s), grandiose, hypochondriacal, infestation (Ekbom), control (passivity-3, though alienation), misID (Capgras, Fregoli), Folie a deux (shared delusion)

Question 4

Though disorder

Answer 4

form: formal thought disorder (illogical associations, no link), tangential vs. circumferential (n), flight (loose), acceleration/retardation, derailment

content: delusions, overvalued ideas (reasonable but distressing/dominant), obsessional, alientation, rumination, SI, depersonalisation/derealisation
- obsessional: recurrent, intrusive, distressing, insight, +/- compulsions

Question 5

speech

Answer 5

pressure vs. retardation
word salad, neologism, stock words (frequent + more meaning)
thought block (mid-sentence stopping)
perseveration e.g. echolalia, palilalia (last word reps)

Question 6

mood

Answer 6

feeling = transient reaction
affect = ‘attitude’, observable expression of emotions; directed feelings
mood: overall/dominant emotion; longer state

blunting (sensitivity/amplitude), flat (reduced range), reactivity (response to situations), labile, inappropriate, congruency (subj/obj)

Question 7

schizophrenic psychopathology

Answer 7

disordered language, jargon aphasia
formal thought disorder, tangentiality

FRS:

• delusional perception, delusions of control
• auditory hallucinations: 3rd person, running commentary
• thought: alientation (w/d, insert, broadcast, echo)

Question 8

depression

Answer 8

hopeless and helpless
worthless, low self-esteem, SI
flat affect, blunted affect
severe: psychosis, nihilistic/mood congruent delusions

Question 9

mania

Answer 9

grandiose delusions +/- hallucination

thought: flight, overvalued ideas, blocking
speech: pressured, circumferential/tangential

Question 10

anxiety

Answer 10

somatic symptoms
overvalued thoughts, rumination
concentration

Question 11

OCD

Answer 11

obsessions and compulsions