Psychopathology Flashcards
1
Q
Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT) is an evidence-based intervention that was designed for families that include:
A
an adult who has a substance use problem but refuses to seek treatment.
2
Q
For a patient in the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease, an MRI is most likely to reveal degeneration in which of the following?
A
entorhinal cortex
3
Q
Anna, age 13, refuses to eat at a restaurant, a friend’s house, or anywhere else except at home because she’s afraid she might vomit if she does so. To help alleviate her fears, Anna stays away from people who are sick, eats only food that she or her mother prepared, frequently takes the garbage out to avoid bad smells in the kitchen, and often checks food to make sure it hasn’t gone bad. Her symptoms began two years ago after a classmate sitting next to her in school threw up, which made Anna feel like she was going to throw up and caused her to run out of the classroom. The most likely diagnosis for Anna is:
A
specific phobia, other type.
4
Q
Your initial assessment of a client’s symptoms suggest they meet the diagnostic criteria for bipolar II disorder. However, you would eliminate this diagnosis if the client provides you with additional information that indicates that:
A
her episodes of depressive symptoms have never met all of the criteria for a major depressive episode.
5
Q
A person experiencing tobacco withdrawal is likely to have all of the following symptoms except:
A
hypersomnia.
6
Q
The treatment of insomnia disorder ordinarily includes which of the following?
A
stimulus control or sleep restriction
7
Q
Which of the following is not required for a DSM-5 diagnosis of anorexia nervosa?
A
dieting or fasting to maintain low body weight
8
Q
Elena, a 22-year-old college student, has come to therapy at the insistence of her parents. She tells you she doesn’t really know who she is and frequently changes her mind about her opinions, future goals, religious and political beliefs, and even the clothes she likes to wear. She says her mood often changes at unexpected times and that she sometimes gets very angry when there doesn’t seem to be any reason for doing so. Elena says that she often thinks about suicide and that she deliberately drove her mother’s car into a tree when she was 19. She also states that she’s afraid of being abandoned by her friends and constantly seeks reassurance from them and looks for signs that they’re going to leave her and that she becomes very angry whenever she thinks one of them is avoiding her. Based on these symptoms, the most likely diagnosis for Elena is ________ personality disorder.
A
borderline
9
Q
Your new client is Edna, age 22, who’s brought to therapy by her mother. Edna says that, for about two months, she’s often felt like she doesn’t have any emotions or thoughts and is going through life “like a robot.” Her mother reports that, as a teenager, Edna sometimes said “she felt weird, like she wasn’t herself” but that “this time, it’s a lot worse.” Edna says she often feels lightheaded and loses her balance. She also states that she quit her job three weeks ago because the way she feels made her anxious at work and unable to do her job. Since then, she’s stayed in the house and has been “trying to figure out what’s going on.” Assuming that Edna’s symptoms are not due to substance use or a medical condition, the most likely diagnosis is:
A
depersonalization/derealization disorder.
10
Q
A person with __________ personality disorder is most likely to say she’d like to have friends but doesn’t spend time with people because she thinks she’s “not as good as other people” and fears that they’ll criticize and reject her.
A
avoidant
11
Q
A cigarette smoker decides to quit “cold turkey.” Her withdrawal symptoms will most likely include which of the following?
A
irritability, impaired concentration, and insomnia
12
Q
The “gold standard” treatment for preschool-aged children with ADHD is:
A
parent training in behavior management.
13
Q
The DSM-5 diagnosis of conduct disorder requires the presence of at least three characteristic symptoms during the last _____ months and at least one symptom in the last _____ months.
A
12; 6
14
Q
The five categories of symptoms identified in the DSM-5 for acute stress disorder include all of the following except:
A
stereotypy.
15
Q
Which of the following symptoms are characteristic of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder?
A
perseverative or compulsive behaviors, apathy, loss of empathy, dietary changes, and socially inappropriate behaviors
16
Q
Rates of comorbidity are high for individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. For example, according to the DSM-5, over half of individuals with schizophrenia have which of the following?
A
tobacco use disorder
17
Q
As a treatment for major depressive disorder, _______ has the highest response and remission rates and fastest time to remission.
A
ECT
18
Q
Beth, a 68-year-old retired physician exhibits impaired attention and judgment, seems disoriented, and has short-term memory loss that she doesn’t seem to be aware of. Her husband tells you that she “just hasn’t seemed the same” for the past year or so and that the changes he’s noticed have occurred gradually. Beth’s symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following?
A
neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease
19
Q
When the retrospective subjective reports of people with insomnia disorder about their sleep are compared to objective measures, the subjective reports tend to:
A
overestimate their sleep latency and underestimate total time they sleep each night.
20
Q
A 36-year-old man suddenly and unexpectedly leaves his home in a rural town and travels by bus to a nearby city. When he arrives at the city, he is unable to recall any details of his life including his name or where he lives. The man’s symptoms are most characteristic of:
A
dissociative fugue.
21
Q
According to Moffitt (2003), the life-course persistent type of antisocial behavior is due to which of the following?
A
neurological deficits
22
Q
Your new client’s primary symptoms are aggressive outbursts that have been recurrent and impulsive but have not caused damage or destruction of property or physical injury to other people or animals. To meet the diagnostic criteria for a DSM-5 diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder, the client’s aggressive outbursts must have occurred, on average, at least _____ weekly for at least _____ months.
A
twice; three
23
Q
Research has linked ADHD to which of the following?
A
smaller-than-normal caudate nucleus, putamen, and amygdala
24
Q
Brain imaging studies have linked the negative symptoms of schizophrenia to:
A
prefrontal underactivity.
25
Your new client, 8-year-old Bobbie Beardon, engages in behaviors that meet the diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder. You’re most likely to consider a co-diagnosis of conduct disorder if he also exhibits which of the following?
repeated acts of aggression
26
To assign a DSM-5-TR diagnosis of pedophilic disorder to a client, the client must be at least _____ years old.
16
27
Which of the following is true about the rates of major depressive disorder among individuals from various age groups?
Among children, the rates are about the same for males and females but, by late-adolescence, the rate for females is about twice the rate for males.
28
Fairchild and colleagues (2008) compared groups of male adolescents with childhood-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder to a control group of adolescents without a psychiatric disorder and found that youth in both conduct disorder groups:
were hyporeactive in terms of cortisol and cardiovascular responses to stress when compared to controls.
29
Which of the following is an evidence-based family treatment for young children with conduct disorder or other disruptive behavior disorder and has also been found to be effective for children with a history of maltreatment?
parent-child interaction therapy
30
Based on the results of their meta-analysis of research on the efficacy and safety of St. John’s wort extract for people with mild to moderate depression, Cui and Zheng (2016) concluded that St. John’s wort:
is not significantly different from SSRIs in terms of treatment response and has a lower rate of adverse events.
31
The treatment-of-choice for a 6-year-old child whose symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and who has been physically abused by his parents is which of the following?
parent-child interaction therapy
32
A person who abuses an amphetamine or other ________-enhancing drug may develop symptoms similar to those associated with schizophrenia.
dopamine
33
Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy’s (1989) hopelessness model of depression proposes that hopelessness is a proximal cause of depression and that a sense of hopelessness is the result of:
stable and global attributions for negative life events.
34
When asked about their sleep, people with insomnia disorder most often:
underestimate their total sleep time and overestimate their sleep onset latency.
35
A rapid decline in which of the following senses is an early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease?
smell
36
Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a research supported treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder that combines which of the following?
challenging problematic cognitions related to the trauma and writing and reading a detailed description of the trauma
37
A higher-than-normal level of melatonin has been linked to which of the following?
major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern
38
A person who experiences recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting adult would receive which of the following diagnoses?
frotteuristic disorder
39
Dyslexia is the most common reading disorder and, of the types of dyslexia, _______ is most common.
phonological dyslexia
40
Marlatt and Gordon’s relapse prevention (RP) model identifies which of the following as the immediate precipitant of alcohol use after a period of abstinence?
high-risk situations
41
Sleepwalking and sleep terror are categorized in the DSM-5 as non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep arousal disorders. In contrast to people with nightmare disorder, people with a NREM sleep arousal disorder:
experience incomplete awakening from sleep after an event and, when awakened, have little or no memory for the event.
42
Heritability estimates for bipolar disorder vary somewhat from study to study. However, according to the DSM-5-TR and several other sources, a number of twin studies have produced heritability estimates of around:
90%.
43
Veronica Venable, a legal secretary, is convinced that one of the attorneys in the law firm that she works for is in love with her and is going to leave his wife so he can be with her. Assuming that the attorney hasn’t said or done anything to support Veronica’s belief, Veronica is exhibiting which of the following?
erotomanic delusion
44
The best conclusion about the use of St. John’s wort as a treatment for depression is that it:
should not be taken with an SSRI because doing so can cause serotonin syndrome.
45
Sam, age 16, is brought to therapy by his mother who says he started complaining about hearing voices two weeks ago shortly after his father was diagnosed with lung cancer and that Sam also seems more nervous and tense than usual. When you ask Sam about the voices, he says they keep telling him he’s “bad and dirty” and he can’t make them go away. Sam has no history of a psychotic disorder or drug use. Based on these symptoms, the most likely diagnosis is:
brief psychotic disorder.
46
Moffitt’s (1993) “maturity gap” is most useful for understanding the etiology of which of the following disorders?
adolescent-onset conduct disorder
47
During her first therapy session, Renee, age 21, tells you she’s “depressed a lot” but that she also sometimes feels “really good.” After questioning Renee about her depression, you determine she has experienced several episodes that meet the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode. You are considering a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder for Renee and, to confirm this diagnosis, you will want to determine if her periods of feeling good meet the diagnostic criteria for:
one or more hypomanic episodes.
48
When a therapist is using dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) with a client who has recently received the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, the client’s treatment will least likely include which of the following?
family or couple counseling
49
For a DSM-5 diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, symptoms must:
be present in the early developmental period.
50
People with binge-eating disorder (BED):
are more likely to engage in dieting after (versus before) they engage in binge eating.
51
Gaylen, age 19, is brought to therapy by her mother, who says that Gaylen has been “acting weird” lately. She says that Gaylen is normally pretty sensible but that, for the past two months, she’s been complaining about hearing voices telling her that she’s worthless and a burden on her family and should kill herself. Gaylen’s mother also says that, when she tries to have a conversation with Gaylen, it’s often impossible to understand what she’s saying. When you ask Gaylen about the voices she hears, her response is rambling and incoherent. Assuming that Gaylen’s symptoms are not due to another mental disorder, a medical condition, or drug use, the most likely diagnosis is:
schizophreniform disorder.
52
Studies have confirmed that patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have a high rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders. For example, Bankier, Januzzi, and Littman (2004) found a high prevalence rate of several disorders in their sample of patients with CHD, with which of the following disorders having the highest prevalence rate?
major depressive disorder
53
A practitioner of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) would most likely identify eliminating or decreasing all of the following as the primary goals of individual therapy except:
self-triggering behaviors.
54
Hypnopompic hallucinations are vivid dreams that occur:
just after awakening from sleep.
55
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies and neurocognitive disorder with Parkinson’s disease?
Neurocognitive disorder with Parkinson’s disease begins after a history of motor symptoms, while neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies begins with cognitive symptoms or a combination of cognitive and motor symptoms.
56
Use of which of the following drugs is most likely to cause pupillary constriction?
opioids
57
The two most commonly used behavioral interventions for ____________ are the squeeze and start/stop techniques.
premature ejaculation
58
Interoceptive exposure involves:
exposing the individual to bodily sensations associated with a panic attack.
59
When determining a client’s diagnosis, knowing which of the following would be most useful for distinguishing between posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder?
The client’s symptoms have lasted for less than one month.
60
Which of the following is considered to be a research-supported treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
exposure with response prevention
61
Which of the following best describes current thinking about the use of no-suicide contracts?
They are not an effective tool for preventing suicide.
62
Which of the following is not used to treat genito-pelvic pain disorder?
orgasmic reconditioning
63
Pregnant women with __________ consume clay, coffee grounds, and other nonnutritive, nonfood substances.
pica
64
Research has found that, on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, people with Alzheimer’s disease often obtain:
high scores on neuroticism and low scores on conscientiousness.
65
The most common comorbid disorder for specific learning disorder is:
ADHD
66
A pattern of emotional dysregulation is characteristic of:
oppositional defiant disorder.
67
Adele Alvarez, age 23, is brought to therapy by her mother who says that Adele “has always been a little different.” Adele says that she sometimes feels like she’s detached from her body and is watching “what’s going on from some other reality.” She also tells you that, for as long as she can remember, she’s been “able to read people’s minds” and that she thinks that people try to avoid her because of this ability. Adele tells you that she doesn’t have any close friends and feels “kind of nervous” when she’s around other people. During the entire session, Adele’s mood is neutral. Of the following, the most likely diagnosis for Adele is:
schizotypal personality disorder.
68
When it’s determined that a child’s nocturnal enuresis is not due to a medical condition, the most effective treatment in terms of long-term effects is which of the following?
moisture alarm
69
Emotion dysregulation has been identified by Linehan (1993) as a cause of which of the following personality disorders?
borderline
70
The treatment for a young man who has just received a diagnosis of a paraphilic disorder is most likely to include which of the following?
covert sensitization and orgasmic reconditioning
71
People who have received which of the following diagnoses may express some unhappiness about not having any close friends but avoid developing relationships due to anxiety related to suspiciousness about the motivations of other people?
schizotypal personality disorder
72
The most common genetic cause of intellectual disability is:
Down syndrome.
73
Which of the following is likely to be the least effective treatment for an adult with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
psychological debriefing
74
Complaints of memory loss are common in criminal cases, with defendants claiming they have no memory of committing the crime. When determining whether a defendant’s memory loss is genuine or feigned, genuine memory loss is more likely when:
the beginning and end of the period of memory loss are both gradual and blurred and the defendant can recall fragments of some events that occurred during that period.
75
Practitioners of which of the following interventions work with a family member of a person with a substance use disorder because the person with the disorder refuses to enter treatment?
CRAFT
76
Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease and neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies (NCDLB) can be difficult to distinguish, especially in their early stages, but there are differences. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe a difference between the two disorders?
Motor disturbances are more prominent in early Alzheimer’s disease than in early NCDLB.
77
When a patient with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has not responded adequately to an SSRI or SNRI, the most likely drug-of-choice is:
buspirone.
78
Which of the following is considered the most effective medication for treatment-resistant schizophrenia?
clozapine
79
To assign the DSM-5 diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder, the individual must be at least _____ years of age or at an equivalent developmental level.
six
80
The DSM-5 diagnosis of gender dysphoria requires marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and one’s assigned gender for at least:
six months for children, adolescents, and adults.
81
Research has found that the experience of depression is associated with:
hyperactivity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hypoactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
82
Which of the following is not one of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder?
ataxia
83
The most effective intervention for children with childhood-onset fluency disorder is likely to be which of the following?
habit reversal training
84
Autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, transient hallucinations, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures are most suggestive of which of the following?
alcohol withdrawal
85
Research investigating the effectiveness of text-messaging as a smoking cessation intervention has generally found that:
text messaging is effective as a stand-alone treatment, and text messaging plus other smoking interventions is more effective than other smoking interventions alone.
86
Bob has received a diagnosis of panic disorder and, during his last therapy session, his therapist asked him to spin in a chair to recreate the dizziness that Bob experiences when he’s having a panic attack. This technique is an example of which of the following?
interoceptive exposure
87
Which of the following best describes the results of research investigating the effectiveness of olanzapine (an atypical antipsychotic) and fluoxetine (an SSRI antidepressant) as treatments for anorexia nervosa?
Studies have produced mixed results about the effectiveness of olanzapine as a treatment for fostering initial weight gain and fluoxetine as a treatment for weight maintenance.
88
A poor prognosis for people with schizophrenia is least associated with which of the following?
female gender
89
The “flashbacks” associated with hallucinogen persisting perception disorder most often involve ________ disturbances.
visual
90
Overexpression of the ________ gene on chromosome 21 has been identified as the link between standard trisomy 21 and early-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
APP
91
Barton, a 20-year-old college sophomore, has come to therapy at the urging of his parents who are concerned about recent changes in his behavior. Barton tells you that, in the last six months, he’s experienced several periods in which he feels tired all the time despite sleeping more than usual, has trouble concentrating while reading for his classes and studying for exams, has low energy, and has no appetite. He says that each of the times he’s felt this way lasted for two or three weeks. The presence of which of the following will confirm a diagnosis of major depressive disorder for Barton?
a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities
92
Which of the following is considered to be the first-line treatment for female orgasmic disorder?
directed masturbation
93
A person whose biological mother and father have both received a diagnosis of schizophrenia is about _____ times more likely to receive the same diagnosis as a person whose only biological relative with schizophrenia is his or her non-twin sibling.
5
94
You are considering a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) for your new client, Carla C. The presence of which of the following would be least useful for confirming this diagnosis?
Carla is hypersensitive to criticism and rejection by others.
95
Kevin Keene, age 18, is brought to therapy by his mother who says Kevin seemed like “a regular kid” until two months ago, when he started complaining about hearing voices and seeing the ghosts of his dead grandparents. She says he has also been unable to carry on a conversation because he jumps from one topic to another and sometimes makes up words. Assuming that Kevin has never had these symptoms before and they’re not due to drug use or a medical condition, the most likely diagnosis is:
schizophreniform disorder.
96
The symptoms of ____________ are sometimes mistaken for a bad case of influenza.
opioid withdrawal
97
Peter Lewinsohn’s model of depression is based on the principles of:
operant conditioning.
98
The severity of a substance use disorder is determined by which of the following?
current number of symptoms
99
To teach young nonspeaking children with autism spectrum disorder to communicate verbally, Lovaas (1987) used which of the following?
discrimination training and shaping
100
Early memory loss associated with NCD due to Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to lower-than-normal levels of which of the following in the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain?
ACh
101
Korsakoff syndrome produces severe memory impairment and confabulation and is due to brain damage that is caused by:
a thiamine deficiency.
102
Which of the following symptoms is least useful for distinguishing bipolar disorder from ADHD in children and adolescents?
irritability
103
Which of the following is most associated with a better prognosis for autism spectrum disorder?
functional language skills by age five
104
For patients who meet the diagnostic criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the best prognosis is associated with which of the following?
female gender, a late onset of symptoms, and comorbid mood symptoms
105
The DSM-5 requires the presence of which of the following for a diagnosis of delirium?
impaired attention and awareness
106
Research comparing the effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as treatments for major depressive disorder has found that ECT has:
higher response and remission rates.
107
Neuroimaging studies of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have shown that brain activity in the __________ is elevated and that treatment with pharmacotherapy or cognitive behavior therapy reduces that activity.
caudate nucleus
108
Studies comparing the effectiveness of prolonged-exposure therapy delivered face-to-face (FtF) or via computer videoconferencing (CVT) for treating PTSD have most often found that:
FtF therapy is similarly effective as CVT for reducing PTSD symptoms and for maintaining treatment fidelity.
109
Moffitt (2003) attributes the life-course persistent type of antisocial behavior to which of the following?
neuropsychological vulnerabilities and an adverse social environment
110
Bill has just received a diagnosis of specific phobia, blood-injection-injury type. The most effective treatment for Bill is likely to be exposure and response prevention and:
applied tension.
111
The nonpharmacological treatment for a patient with insomnia disorder will most likely include which of the following?
stimulus control
112
Beginning in early adolescence, the rate of major depressive disorder for females is about ________ times the rate for boys.
1.5 to 3.0
113
When distinguishing between normal (nonpathological) anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder, the presence of which of the following would help confirm the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder?
The person finds it difficult to control his/her worries.
114
A young man who has just received a diagnosis of frotteuristic disorder is sexually aroused when he fantasizes about:
rubbing up against a nonconsenting person.
115
A client whose symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for dissociative amnesia is unable to recall any events that occurred for about six weeks after she was brutally raped two years ago. This type of dissociative amnesia is referred to in the DSM-5 as:
localized.
116
Ketamine has been found most useful for treating:
treatment-resistant depression.
117
To assign a DSM-5-TR diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), symptoms must have a duration of more than:
one month for adults, adolescents, and children.
118
The majority of men who receive the diagnosis of transvestic disorder identify their sexual orientation as:
heterosexual
119
A four-year-old child doesn’t seek comfort from her parents or others when she’s upset and rarely expresses happiness or other positive emotions. Which of the following is needed to confirm the DSM-5 diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder for this child?
The child has experienced a pattern of severe social neglect or frequent changes in primary caregivers.
120
Which of the following are evidence-based treatments for binge-eating disorder?
cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy
121
The insufficient top-down control hypothesis predicts that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is due to reduced connectivity between the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and:
anterior cingulate cortex.
122
The DSM-5 diagnosis of agoraphobia requires:
marked fear or anxiety in at least two different situations.
123
The concordance rate for schizophrenia for non-twin siblings is:
9%.
124
The correct DSM-5 diagnosis for a 12-year-old boy who has two motor tics that began nine months ago is:
provisional tic disorder.
125
Schizoaffective disorder is likely to be the appropriate diagnosis for a client if her psychotic symptoms have:
occurred concurrently with mood symptoms except for a period of at least two weeks when her mood symptoms were absent.
126
The intentional production of physical or psychological symptoms for the purpose of obtaining an external reward is suggestive of which of the following?
malingering
127
A client is frequently late for therapy sessions and often avoids answering the therapist’s questions during sessions. A practitioner of dialectical behavior therapy would describe these behaviors as:
therapy-interfering behaviors.
128
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are similar to actual epileptic seizures in terms of symptoms but are due to psychological distress. Which of the following is considered most useful for distinguishing PNES from actual seizures?
video EEG
129
Drugs that reduce __________ activity in certain areas of the brain have been found useful for suppressing tics.
dopamine
130
Symptoms of opioid withdrawal include which of the following?
nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, and fever
131
One concern about prescribing stimulant medications for children with ADHD is that doing so may increase their risk for developing a substance use disorder (SUD) later in life. Based on the results of their meta-analysis of the research, Humphreys, Eng, and Lee (2013) concluded that use of a stimulant medication by children with ADHD:
does not decrease or increase the risk of developing an SUD in adulthood.
132
For a DSM-5-TR diagnosis of Tourette’s disorder, the client must have which of the following?
multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic.
133
The research suggests that combining motivational interviewing with CBT when treating generalized anxiety disorder:
is more effective for reducing worry than is providing CBT alone, especially for individuals who initially have high worry severity.
134
According to the DSM-5, a better prognosis for individuals who have received a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder is most associated with:
the development of functional language skills by 5 years of age.
135
Regulated breathing has been found to be an effective treatment for which of the following?
childhood-onset fluency disorder
136
Although ____________ personality disorder usually has a chronic course, its symptoms may become less severe as the person gets older, especially during the fourth decade of life.
antisocial
137
Angie, age 35, is brought to therapy by her sister who says that Angie “hasn’t been herself” for the last month. In response to your questions, you learn from Angie and her sister that Angie has lost her appetite, spends most of the day sleeping, doesn’t seem to have any energy, and is more forgetful than usual. To confirm a DSM-5 diagnosis of major depressive disorder for Angie, you will want to determine if her symptoms include:
a depressed mood or loss of interest in usual activities.
138
When assigning a DSM-5-TR diagnosis of intellectual disability to a child, the level of severity of the disorder is determined by considering the child’s:
adaptive functioning.
139
A revised version of the original dopamine hypothesis proposes that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are due to:
hypoactive dopamine transmission in certain cortical areas of the brain.
140
Research has found that the majority of individuals who undergo gender confirmation surgery:
experience a significant decrease in symptoms of gender dysphoria with transgender male patients experiencing somewhat better outcomes.
141
A person misperceives the sound of running water in the next room as people talking to each other. This is an example of which of the following?
illusion
142
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been linked to low levels of:
serotonin.
143
Withdrawal from which of the following after heavy and prolonged use is most likely to cause seizures?
alcohol
144
Studies have confirmed that patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have a high rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders. For example, Bankier, Januzzi, and Littman (2004) found a high prevalence rate of several disorders in their sample of patients with CHD, with __________ having the highest prevalence rate.
major depressive disorder
145
The most likely diagnosis for your new client is schizotypal personality disorder if the client:
says he’d like to have friends but he’s very uncomfortable around people and he seems uninterested in taking steps to develop friendships.
146
There is evidence that deficits in __________ underlie many of the impairments in social functioning that are characteristic of autism spectrum disorder.
face recognition
147
Your new client is Adam, a 19-year-old college sophomore, who says his restlessness, inability to concentrate, and impulsiveness are interfering with his ability to do well in his classes. He tells you that, when he was a child, his pediatrician thought he had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, his symptoms – especially his hyperactivity – started “getting better” when he was in high school. To assign a diagnosis of ADHD to Adam, he must have at least:
five symptoms of inattention and/or five symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity.
148
Data from the Global Burden of Disease study indicate that which of the following is the most common mental disorder worldwide?
anxiety disorders
149
Which of the following is most likely to be an effective pharmacological treatment for premature ejaculation?
an SSRI
150
Memory loss associated with neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease has been most consistently linked to abnormal levels of ___________ in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
acetylcholine
151
The goal of Scared Straight programs is to reduce the likelihood that juvenile offenders and youth at risk for becoming juvenile offenders will engage in future criminal behaviors by having them visit prisons and interact with adult inmates. Research evaluating the effectiveness of these programs has found that they:
increase the likelihood that participants will engage in future criminal behaviors.
152
The DSM-5 diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder requires the presence of delusions or hallucinations for at least _____ weeks without symptoms of a major depressive or manic episode.
two
153
People with specific phobia typically experience an increase in sympathetic nervous system arousal when confronted with the feared object or event. However, people with which of the following types of specific phobia are more likely to experience vasovagal fainting instead of increased arousal?
blood-injection-injury
154
A DSM-5-TR diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder requires the presence of one or more somatic symptoms that are:
accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms.
155
Data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that, in 2020, the suicide rate was highest for:
men 75 years of age and older.
156
The peak age of onset for schizophrenia is:
early- to mid-20s for males and late-20s for females.
157
Cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency, and short rapid eye movement sleep latency are symptoms of:
narcolepsy.
158
Symptom Disorders Neuroimaging studies have linked PTSD to:
decreased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the amygdala.
159
Which of the following therapies is based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model and is for adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who are at imminent risk for out-of-home placement due to antisocial behaviors, substance use problems, and/or serious psychiatric problems?
multisystemic therapy
160
Five-year-old Debbie is brought to therapy by her foster parents who say that, even though she’s been living with them for over three years, she hasn’t formed an attachment to either of them. The foster parents tell you that Debbie doesn’t seek comfort from them when she’s distressed, doesn’t respond to interactions with people with happiness or enjoyment, and often becomes fearful or irritable when interacting with people for no apparent reason. To confirm a DSM-5 diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder for Debbie, you would want to confirm that her symptoms:
are related to extreme insufficient care.
161
Which of the following best describes the likely effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on memory when it is used as a treatment for severe depression?
Retrograde amnesia caused by ECT will be more persistent than anterograde amnesia.
162
Neuroimaging studies have linked PTSD to:
decreased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the amygdala
163
Brain scans of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have shown that brain activity in the __________ is elevated and that cognitive behavior therapy reduces that activity.
caudate nucleus
164
The ______ gene variant has been identified as a high risk factor for neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease.
APOE4
165
Hypnagogic hallucinations occur:
during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.
166
Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT) is an evidence-based intervention that was designed for families that include:
an adult who has a substance use problem but is unwilling to participating in treatment.
167
Research comparing patients with schizophrenia living in Western industrialized countries and non-Western developing countries has found that these patients differ in terms of which of the following?
onset and course of the disorder and rate of remission
168
The most common early symptom of neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease is:
impaired memory for recent events.
169
Antisocial and histrionic personality disorders share several characteristics. In contrast to antisocial personality disorder, however, histrionic personality disorder is characterized by which of the following?
exaggerated expression of emotions
170
Drugs that increase which of the following are often used to treat premature ejaculation?
serotonin
171
Your new client is Maureen, a 21-year-old college junior, who says she’s ordinarily a shy, calm person who doesn’t have trouble getting things done. However, for the last three weeks, she’s been jumping from one project to another without finishing anything, gets irritated by just about everything, is more talkative than usual, and has a lot of energy even though she’s not getting enough sleep. Maureen says that, because of her symptoms, she hasn’t been able to concentrate while studying and she failed an exam last week for the first time in her life. Maureen’s symptoms are most suggestive of which of the following?
bipolar I disorder
172
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are similar to actual epileptic seizures in terms of symptoms but are due to psychological distress. Which of the following is considered most useful for distinguishing PNES from actual seizures?
video EEG
173
The treatment-of-choice for agoraphobia is in vivo exposure with:
response prevention.
174
Which of the following is not included in the DSM-5 as a symptom of a panic attack?
increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli
175
According to the DSM-5-TR, just under _____ of women experience a major depressive episode between birth of their offspring and 12 months postpartum.
7%
176
Your new client’s aggressive behaviors seem to meet the diagnostic criteria for intermittent explosive disorder. To assign this diagnosis to the client, he must be at least _____ years old.
six
177
Major depressive disorder has been linked to all of the following sleep abnormalities except:
increased REM latency.
178
A high level of expressed emotion by family members toward patients with schizophrenia has been linked to:
an increased risk for relapse.
179
Mark, age 9, is brought to therapy by his parents who say his behavior has gotten “out of control” and they don’t know why or what to do about it. Mark’s parents describe his symptoms and say they started about a year ago. Based on their description, it appears that Mark’s symptoms are consistent with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation. To confirm this diagnosis, you will do which of the following?
determine if his symptoms occur outside the home
180
Research evaluating guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) as a treatment for social anxiety disorder has found that iCBT is:
equivalent to in-person CBT for reducing symptoms.
181
Whittaker et al.’s (2019) meta-analysis of research evaluating the effectiveness of text messaging as an intervention for smoking cessation found that, in terms of quit rates, text messaging alone was:
about the same in terms of effectiveness as other smoking cessation interventions alone (e.g., brief smoking cessation counseling).
182
Assuming that a woman’s symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for a diagnosis of delusional disorder, the appropriate type of delusion is erotomanic if she’s convinced that:
a local celebrity she met at a fundraiser six months ago is in love with her.
183
A reformulated version of the dopamine hypothesis proposes that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are due to:
dopamine hypoactivity in certain cortical areas.
184
The DSM-5 diagnosis of ADHD requires an onset of symptoms before ____ years of age.
12
