Clinical Flashcards
1
Q
A practitioner of Minuchin’s structural family therapy is most likely to say that detouring is occurring when:
A
parents avoid their own conflicts by scapegoating or overprotecting a child.
2
Q
Research comparing the outcomes of cognitive and behavioral interventions for depression that are delivered face-to-face or via telehealth has generally found that:
A
telehealth is as effective as in-person therapy in terms of both symptom severity and patient satisfaction.
3
Q
Therapies categorized as brief psychodynamic therapies (BPT) vary somewhat, but most share several important characteristics that distinguish them from long-term (traditional) psychodynamic therapy. Which of the following does not describe one of the shared characteristics of most forms of BPT?
A
BPT is based on the assumption that transference is an impediment to therapy.
4
Q
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s R/CID Model predicts that African-American clients are most likely to prefer a White therapist and to be uninterested in exploring their cultural identity when they’re in which of the following stages?
A
conformity
5
Q
Based on the results of their meta-analysis of the research, Khoury and his colleagues (2013) conclude that mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) is:
A
more effective for treating psychological disorders than physical/medical conditions.
6
Q
A prenatal care program that’s available to all pregnant women in a community is an example of which of the following types of prevention?
A
universal
7
Q
According to Sue (2006), White middle-class Americans are most likely to have which of the following worldviews?
A
IC-IR
8
Q
African American therapy clients are most likely to prefer:
A
an egalitarian, problem-focused, time-limited approach.
9
Q
The use of hair straighteners and skin bleaching creams and social stratification based on skin tone by people of color are examples of:
A
internalized racism.
10
Q
Sue and Sue (2015) illustrate the difference between which of the following by noting that twins who are raised together communicate more economically than two American lawyers do during a trial?
A
high- and low-context communication
11
Q
A practitioner of positive psychology is most likely to say that which of the following is a primary antecedent of flow?
A
a balance between challenge and skill
12
Q
____________ viewed schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders as the result of a multigenerational transmission process.
A
Murray Bowen
13
Q
Research has found that culturally competent interventions for members of racial and ethnic minority groups are:
A
more effective than traditional interventions for adults but not necessarily for children and adolescents.
14
Q
The own-race bias is the tendency of people to:
A
more accurately identify faces of people of their own race than faces of people of other races.
15
Q
For practitioners of acceptance and commitment therapy, “dirty discomfort” is the result of:
A
unwillingness.
16
Q
Research has found that higher-status immigrants (i.e., those with higher levels of education and economic success) are more likely than lower-status immigrants to report experiencing discrimination and having a low sense of belonging to the host society. This is referred to as the:
A
integration paradox.
17
Q
The first stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model and Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model are best described as being characterized by which of the following?
A
Positive attitudes toward White (majority) culture and negative attitudes toward Black (minority) culture.
18
Q
An organizational psychologist is hired by the manager of a small software company to help him find ways to motivate programmers who have the skills to do their jobs but are not as productive as the manager would like them to be. This situation is an example of which of the following types of consultation?
A
consultee-centered case consultation
19
Q
For practitioners of positive psychology, which of the following is the likely outcome when there is balance between the level of challenge posed by a task and the skill level of the person performing the task?
A
flow
20
Q
Providing patients who have just completed substance abuse treatment with training in coping and relapse prevention skills is an example of:
A
tertiary prevention.
21
Q
The tendency to attribute all problems experienced by students with learning disabilities to their learning disabilities and overlook other possible explanations is an example of the:
A
diagnostic overshadowing bias.
22
Q
____________ consists of three overlapping stages: conceptualization, skill acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow-through.
A
Stress inoculation training
23
Q
As described by Broten and colleagues (2011), when a stepped care approach is used to treat individuals with low levels of depressive symptoms, the first step includes assessment and monitoring. When symptoms do not remit, the second step includes which of the following?
A
psychoeducation, bibliotherapy, and/or computer-aided CBT
24
Q
A therapist believes that depression, anxiety, and other disorders are similar for all individuals regardless of their cultural background and that the same treatment approaches are effective for all clients. This therapist has adopted which of the following perspectives?
A
etic
25
For practitioners of interpersonal therapy (IPT), depression is:
a medically based condition.
26
Cultural fit refers to which of the following?
how well an immigrant’s personality and other personal attributes match the cultural values and norms of the host country
27
Practitioners of motivational interviewing who are familiar with Miller and Rollnick’s (2013) current view of decisional balance (DB) are most likely to say that DB is most useful for:
assessing a client’s readiness to change.
28
Charles Ridley (2005) described a Black therapy client who is willing to self-disclose to a Black therapist but unwilling to self-disclose to a White therapist as a:
healthy cultural paranoiac.
29
Which of the following is the primary focus of therapy for Milan systemic family therapists?
destructive family games
30
The first step in Meichenbaum’s (1977) self-instructional training is:
cognitive modeling.
31
At the end of the initial therapy session with a married couple who say they constantly argue, a practitioner of __________ therapy will assign them a task to complete before the next session that requires them to identify things in their relationship that they want to continue.
solution-focused
32
Mental imagery serves several functions in cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). For example, __________ is used to replace involuntary distressing and intrusive images related to a client’s presenting problem with more adaptive images.
imagery rescripting
33
Stanley and Brown’s (2012) safety planning intervention (SPI) includes all of the following except:
signing a no-harm contract.
34
A therapist instructs a woman who constantly starts arguments with her partner and hates cleaning the house to spend one hour cleaning the house every time she initiates an argument. The therapist is using which of the following techniques?
an ordeal
35
Helms’s (1995) model of White racial identity development predicts that a White therapist in which of the following stages is likely to be most effective when working with clients from racial or ethnic minority groups?
autonomy
36
Which of the following is based on the assumption that interventions are most effective when they match a client’s stage of change?
transtheoretical model
37
Practitioners of Glasser’s (1998) reality therapy are most likely to agree that the primary source of human motivation is which of the following?
basic innate needs
38
Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training consists of three phases, the first of which is:
conceptualization.
39
A primary goal of Satir’s conjoint family therapy is to:
foster congruent communication between family members.
40
Studies conducted to identify the change mechanisms responsible for the positive effects of mindfulness-based interventions have generally found which of the following to be the most likely mechanism?
decreased cognitive and emotional reactivity
41
A psychologist developed a program for first-time parents that addresses methods of dealing with parenting stress and lifestyle changes and is open to all expectant parents in the community. This is an example of which of the following?
primary prevention
42
Based on the results of their research, Howard and his colleagues (1986) concluded that about ___% of psychotherapy clients show measurable improvements in symptoms by the 26th therapy session with an additional ___% showing measurable improvements by the 52nd session.
75; 10
43
During Dr. Walter’s first therapy session with a single mother and her 11-year-old son, the mother says that, since she and her husband divorced six months ago, her son has been hostile and stubborn, doesn’t listen to her, and is always getting into trouble at home and at school. Dr. Walter tells the mother to imagine that these problems disappear while she’s sleeping that night. He then asks her, “When you wake up tomorrow morning, how will you know that a miracle has happened and that things have changed?” Based on this information, you can conclude that Dr. Walter is a practitioner of which of the following?
solution-focused therapy
44
As described by Aaron Beck, ________ are triggered by an event or stimulus and elicit emotional and behavioral responses.
automatic thoughts
45
The transdiagnostic adaptation of emotion-focused therapy (Timulak & Keogh, 2020) targets which of the following?
chronic painful emotions
46
Developing a discrepancy and rolling with resistance are most associated with which of the following?
motivational interviewing
47
Hans Eysenck is probably best known for his controversial conclusions about which of the following?
the heritability of intelligence
48
A newly licensed psychotherapist reacts to clients who are members of certain minority groups in ways that are consistent with stereotypes she formed about those groups during her high school and undergraduate years. Gerald Caplan (1970) described this as __________ and as a possible focus of consultee-centered case consultation.
theme interference
49
The best conclusion about research on the effectiveness of telepsychology for bulimia nervosa is that it:
has positive effects but may be less effective than in-person therapy in terms of some treatment outcomes.
50
According to Howard et al.’s phase model (1996), symptomatic relief occurs during which of the following phases of psychotherapy?
remediation
51
Harrington and Gelfand’s (2014) research investigating the relationship between cultural tightness-looseness and personality traits in the United States found that:
people in tight cultures exhibit greater conscientiousness and less openness relative to people in loose cultures.
52
According to Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model, people in which of the following stages have a lack of awareness of racism and White privilege and are satisfied with the racial status quo?
contact
53
____________ review of the psychotherapy outcome research indicated that people who participate in psychotherapy often show less improvement than do people with similar symptoms who do not participate in therapy.
Eysenck’s
54
Sue and Sue (2015) argue that most Western approaches to the practice of clinical psychology reflect a worldview that’s characterized by:
an internal locus of control and an internal locus of responsibility.
55
During a couple’s first therapy session, the husband says, “my life would be a lot better if I wasn’t so angry all of the time.” The therapist, a practitioner of narrative family therapy, will most likely respond to the man’s statement by asking him which of the following questions?
How long has anger been controlling your life?
56
Which of the following is not one of the five stages of Cross’s (1971) original Nigrescence Model of Identity Development?
dissonance
57
Practitioners of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) use cognitive defusion and mindfulness techniques to foster which of the following?
psychological flexibility
58
A psychotherapist who has an emic perspective:
recognizes the differences between cultural groups.
59
Etic is to __________ as emic is to __________.
universal; culture-specific
60
According to Meyer’s (2003) minority stress theory, perceived stigma and internalized heterosexism are __________ factors that increase the risk for mental health problems for sexual-minority individuals.
proximal
61
A young man complains that “everyone at work hates me.” His therapist says it may be true that his coworkers hate him and asks him to list the ways they have expressed their hate. The therapist is using which of the following paradoxical techniques?
positioning
62
Research evaluating the effects of routine outcome monitoring (ROM) suggests that it:
decreases premature termination and client deterioration during therapy
63
An initial goal in structural family therapy is most likely to be which of the following?
increasing the strength of diffuse boundaries or the flexibility of rigid boundaries
64
A researcher would use which of the following to compare the effects of two interventions on quality-adjusted life-years (QALY)?
cost-utility analysis
65
For practitioners of Gestalt therapy, a key contributor to neurotic behavior is which of the following?
a contact boundary disturbance
66
Building a positive therapeutic alliance, reducing feelings of hopelessness, increasing motivation for change, and developing a family-focused understanding of the family’s problems are most characteristic of the initial stage of:
functional family therapy.
67
Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development were derived from his research with male subjects of various ages, and he concluded that the typical male tends to function at stage 4. When his method for assessing moral development was subsequently used with female subjects, it was found that the typical female tends to function at stage 3, which led some researchers to conclude that females tend to be less morally developed than males are. As described by Sandra Bem (2008), this conclusion about the difference between males and females with regard to moral development best illustrates which of the following?
androcentrism
68
Cognitive therapy for suicide prevention (CT-SP) has been found to be effective for reducing suicidal ideation, repeat suicide attempts, and depression in adolescents and adults who recently attempted suicide. As described by Bryan (2019), the primary targets of the three stages of CT-SP are, in order:
emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, and relapse prevention.
69
A(n) __________ therapist is most likely to agree that helping a client achieve awareness of his/her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in the here-and-now is a primary goal of therapy.
Gestalt
70
The 2020 National Health Interview survey found that:
more adult female than male respondents had taken medication and/or received therapy or counseling for mental health conditions in the previous 12 months.
71
The initial stage of most racial/ethnic identity development models is characterized by which of the following?
disinterest in or rejection of one’s own racial/ethnic identity
72
Structural family therapists use which of the following to identify and alter the family’s dysfunctional family structure and reassure family members that they’re supported and understood?
joining
73
__________ interventions are designed to change the individual so he or she can better adapt to the demands of the environment.
Autoplastic
74
A barrier to using cost benefit analysis is that:
it’s often difficult to express the outcomes of mental health programs in monetary terms.
75
Yalom and Leszcz’s (2005) third formative stage of group therapy is characterized by which of the following?
the development of group cohesion.
76
Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development were derived from his research with male subjects of various ages, and he concluded that the typical male tends to function at stage 4. When his method for assessing moral development was subsequently used with female subjects, it was found that the typical female tends to function at stage 3, which led some researchers to conclude that females tend to be less morally developed than males are. As described by Sandra Bem (2008), this conclusion about the difference between males and females with regard to moral development best illustrates which of the following?
androcentrism
77
Practitioners of Glasser’s reality therapy view the primary motivator of behavior to be which of the following?
basic needs
78
For practitioners of narrative family therapy, a unique outcome is best described as:
an exceptional circumstance.
79
As described in Ellis’s A-B-C-D-E model, B represents:
beliefs about an activating event.
80
Practitioners of __________ view depression as being the result of unresolved grief, interpersonal deficits, role disputes, or role transitions.
interpersonal therapy
81
Hans Eysenck (1952) found that symptom improvements due to psychotherapy were less than improvements due to which of the following?
spontaneous remission
82
The own-race bias is the tendency of people to:
more accurately perceive and identify faces of people of their own race than faces of people of other races.
83
Whenever the parents of 12-year-old Raymond argue, each parent tries to get Raymond to side with him or her. A structural family therapist would identify this as an example of which of the following?
unstable coalition
84
Helm’s White Racial Identity Development Model proposes that each identity status is associated with a different information processing strategy. For example, the __________ status is associated with a strategy that involves selective perception and negative outgroup distortion.
reintegration
85
During her initial therapy session, a client with an alcohol use disorder tells her therapist that drinking helps her relax and makes it easier for her to talk to people. The therapist, a practitioner of motivational interviewing, will most likely view the client’s statement as:
sustain talk.
86
As described by Berry’s (1990) acculturation model, __________ occurs when members of a minority culture retain their own culture and reject the majority culture.
separation
87
Which of the following best describes the results of research investigating the impact of adding human support to digital mental health interventions (DMHIs)?
Adding human support improves the effectiveness of DMHIs whether it is provided by a mental health professional or nonprofessional.
88
A practitioner of narrative family therapy will focus on:
how the presenting problem has affected the family.
89
A practitioner of reality therapy would agree that psychopathology is the result of:
adoption of a failure identity.
90
For Gestalt therapists, __________ is a boundary disturbance that involves uncritically accepting the values, standards, and beliefs of other people.
introjection
91
The primary goal of Bowen’s extended family systems therapy is best described as:
increasing the differentiation of family members.
92
As described by Carl Rogers, conditions of worth contribute to which of the following?
incongruence
93
Dawn tends to jump to the conclusion that people she meets don’t like her even when there’s no evidence to support that conclusion. This is an example of which of the following cognitive distortions?
arbitrary inference
94
The Generations Study (Bishop et al., 2020) compared the timing and pacing of sexual identity development for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals ages 18 to 26, 32 to 43, and 50 to 60. The results of the study found that:
members of the youngest age cohort reported the earliest ages of onset for all milestones and the shortest lengths of time between milestones.
95
In their discussion of the use of culture-specific techniques in psychotherapy, Sue and Zane (1987) emphasize the importance of “gift giving” during the initial therapy sessions when working with Asian American and other non-Western clients. As described by these investigators, gift giving includes:
instilling hope and providing reassurance.
96
Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan (2010) argue that much of the published research on human psychology over-relies on WEIRD samples and, consequently, the results of this research may have limited generalizability. As defined by Henrich, WEIRD refers to people who are all of the following except:
idealistic.
97
Research investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) has generally found that it is:
more effective for treating psychological disorders than physical/medical conditions.
98
____________ preventions are aimed at lowering the prevalence of a disorder by identifying individuals who have early signs or symptoms of the disorder and providing them with an intervention to limit its intensity or duration.
Secondary
99
When using Meichenbaum’s (1977) self-instructional training to help impulsive children control their behaviors while completing certain tasks, the initial step of training involves which of the following?
cognitive modeling
100
When working with African American therapy clients, it’s important to keep in mind that they are likely to prefer:
an egalitarian therapist-client relationship.
101
Research suggests that using cognitive behavioral therapy as an adjunct treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA):
reduces pain intensity and fatigue, especially when it is provided early in the course of the disease.
102
As defined by Bowen, the intrapersonal aspect of differentiation refers to a person’s ability to separate:
thinking from feeling.
103
A White adult in Helms’s __________ stage of White identity development recognizes his/her own racist views and justifies them by adopting beliefs that support White superiority and minority inferiority.
reintegration
104
According to Prochaska and DiClemente’s (1983) transtheoretical model, people in the ____________ stage of change are aware of their problem behavior, are weighing the pros and cons of changing, and feel they’ll be ready to take the steps necessary to change the behavior within the next six months.
contemplation
105
“Collaborative empiricism” best describes the therapeutic relationship in:
Beck’s cognitive behavior therapy.
106
As described by Helms (1993), a person in the __________ stage of White identity development is oblivious to racial/cultural issues and has a race- or culture-neutral perspective.
contact
107
A researcher would use which of the following to compare two interventions when costs and outcomes are both expressed in monetary terms?
cost-benefit analysis
108
Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) conducted a meta-analysis of 475 psychotherapy outcome studies that compared the outcomes of individuals in treatment groups and no-treatment control groups. Their analysis produced an effect size of .85, which means that the average individual who received therapy was “better off” than about _____% of individuals who needed therapy but did not receive it.
80
109
A practitioner of Bowenian extended family systems therapy will use a genogram to obtain information about:
the relationships among family members over multiple generations.
110
The three primary functions of interprofessional collaboration in primary care settings are referred to as the “triple aim” and include all of the following except:
reduce disparities in services.
111
Cognitive therapy for suicide prevention (CT-SP) has been found to be effective for reducing suicidal ideation, repeat suicide attempts, and depression in adolescents and adults who recently attempted suicide. As described by Bryan (2019), the primary targets of the three stages of CT-SP are, in order:
emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, and relapse prevention.
112
A consultant is providing consultee-centered case consultation and determines that theme interference is responsible for the consultee’s inability to work effectively with clients who have received a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Consequently, the consultant will focus primarily the consultee’s lack of:
objectivity.
113
The initial session of strategic family therapy consists of four stages, the first of which involves:
welcoming family members and helping members feel comfortable.
114
Glasser’s reality therapy is based on choice theory which states that all people are motivated to:
satisfy five genetically encoded needs.
115
Of the three types of microaggression described by Sue and his colleagues (2007), __________ is most similar to “old-fashioned” racism.
microassault
116
According to the transtheoretical model, factors that contribute to a person’s motivation to change an undesirable behavior include all of the following except:
insight.
117
Which of the following combines elements of Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, Rogers’s person-centered therapy, and the transtheoretical model?
motivational interviewing
118
The assessment of treatment fidelity focuses on which of the following?
differentiation, adherence, and competency
119
Anna just started college and is certain that students in her classes already think she’s stupid even though they’re nice to her and a few have attempted to become friends. For a practitioner of Beck’s cognitive-behavior therapy, Anna’s conclusion is an example of which of the following?
arbitrary inference
120
____________ is an evidence-based, home- and community-centered intervention that is based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model. It is for adolescents 12 to 18 years of age who have serious antisocial behavioral problems and are at risk for out-of-home placement.
Multisystemic therapy
121
A recently hired employee gets his first performance review and notices that, while the review is very positive and his supervisor has said many nice things about him, the supervisor has included a minor criticism of his written reports. This single criticism causes the employee to conclude that he’s worthless and will never get promoted out of his entry-level job. Aaron Beck would consider the employee’s conclusion to be an example of which of the following?
selective abstraction
122
People who are members of a minority group and are in the ________ stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s R/CID Model question the inflexibility of their positive attitudes toward their own minority group and negative attitudes toward the majority group.
introspection
123
Humanistic and existential therapies share all of the following except:
recognition of the inherent potential for both good and evil.
124
Research on medical cost offset has found that:
providing psychotherapy to patients reduces expenditures on medical care.
125
Anna, age 21, has just received a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Her therapist is a practitioner of strategic family therapy and, to reduce Anna’s binge-eating, he tells her that, on each day that she binges, she must set her alarm for 4 a.m. and get up and do 30 minutes of abdominal exercises. This intervention is an example of which of the following?
an ordeal
126
Decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation are core constructs of which of the following?
transtheoretical model
127
Functional family therapy (FFT) is an evidence-based intervention for:
adolescents with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and their families.
128
For practitioners of narrative family therapy, a(n) __________ is a time when a problem was expected to occur but did not occur.
unique outcome
129
John Jr. just turned 14 and has started demanding to be allowed to make his own decisions and to have more privileges and independence from the family. In response, John’s parents continue to treat him like a child and have become more punitive in an attempt to keep things the way they were. The parents’ response to John’s demands illustrates which of the following?
negative feedback
130
Transdiagnostic treatments are aimed at disorders that are:
caused and maintained by similar core mechanisms.
131
For practitioners of motivational interviewing, a client’s sustain talk:
reflects the client’s desire to maintain the status quo.
132
Norcross and Lambert (2011) concluded that which of the following accounts for the greatest amount of variability in psychotherapy outcomes?
patient contributions
133
An African American therapy client who prefers to see a White therapist and doesn’t think prejudice and discrimination have contributed to his current problems is in which stage of Cross’s (2001) model of Black racial identity development?
pre-encounter
134
A 21-year-old therapy client says, “no matter what I do, I feel like I’m still unattractive, so I must be unattractive.” Her cognitive behavior therapist will most likely view the client’s statement as a manifestation of:
emotional reasoning.
135
Based on the results of his research, Meyer (2003) concluded that members of LGB populations have higher rates of mental disorders than members of the heterosexual population as a result of which of the following?
minority stress
136
A unique feature of multisystemic therapy (MST) is its emphasis on quality assurance and improvement that was based on the results of research confirming that its effectiveness depends on a high level of:
treatment fidelity.
137
Measures of treatment fidelity typically focus on which of the following?
therapist adherence and competence
138
The adoption of “colorism” – or the association of a light skin tone with higher status and greater beauty – by some African Americans is an example of:
internalized racism.
139
For members of cultural groups that emphasize high-context communication:
knowledge is situational and nonverbal messages are most important.
140
Based on their review of the research, Sue, Zane, Nagayama Hall, and Berger (2009) concluded that culturally adapted interventions have:
somewhat greater benefits for adults than children.
141
A practitioner of Beck’s cognitive behavior therapy uses the Socratic method to help clients:
identify and modify automatic thoughts.
142
When working with Asian and Asian American clients, it’s important to keep in mind that they are likely to:
express emotional distress as physical symptoms.
143
Which of the following is not one of the six processes addressed by acceptance and commitment therapy?
corrective detachment
144
Dr. Connor is a solution-focused family therapist, and his new clients are Mr. and Mrs. Bingham and their two sons, 7-year-old Bob and 9-year-old Brett. During the first session, Mrs. Bingham says that their main concern is that Brett’s misbehavior causes a lot of problems at home and constantly gets him into trouble at school. After asking Mr. and Mrs. Bingham for some examples of what they mean, Dr. Connor will most likely ask which of the following questions?
What kind of things does Brett do when he’s not causing problems at home?
145
During his first session with a family, a structural family therapist notices that, whenever the father tries to shed some light on the family’s problems, the mother and teenage son interrupt him and contradict what he’s saying. The therapist will describe this interaction as a:
stable coalition.
146
Minuchin, Rosman, and Baker (1978) found that the parents of children with anorexia were often overprotective of and emotionally overinvolved with the child and discouraged the child’s independence. They referred to this family pattern as:
enmeshed.
147
According to Berry’s (1990) acculturation model, a person is ____________ when he or she has rejected his or her own minority culture and the dominant culture.
marginalized
148
Jung referred to the process of developing a unique and unified personality as:
individuation.
149
The best conclusion that can be drawn from research on the impact of age and gender on psychotherapy outcomes is that:
age and gender have little or no consistent impact on psychotherapy outcomes.
150
As described by Greenson (2016), the process of analysis in psychoanalysis involves:
confrontation, clarification, interpretation, and working through.
151
Hall (1976) classified __________ styles as high- or low-context.
communication
152
In a(n) ____________ interaction, one partner adopts a dominant “one-up” position while the other partner adopts a submissive “one-down” position.
complementary
153
Like many other models of homosexual identity development, Troiden’s (1988) model proposes that the initial stage of development involves:
feeling different from same-sex peers.
154
When conducting research to evaluate the outcomes of a new treatment for a mental disorder:
efficacy studies that maximize internal validity are usually conducted first and effectiveness studies that maximize external validity are conducted next.
155
According to Helms’s (1993) White racial identity development model, a person in the __________ stage has little awareness of racial/cultural issues and has adopted a race- or culture-neutral perspective.
contact
156
Ridley’s (1984) concept of “healthy cultural paranoia” is useful for understanding:
why a Black therapy client resists disclosing personal information to a White therapist.
157
Practitioners of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) would most likely agree that:
the presence of psychological pain is universal and normal.
158
A psychologist is engaged in consultee-centered case consultation when he:
helps a recently licensed psychotherapist acquire the knowledge and skills she needs to work with clients from a cultural group she has not worked with before.
159
The assessment of treatment fidelity focuses on which of the following?
differentiation, adherence, and competency
160
Gerald, age 39, knows he shouldn’t be so jealous and resentful of his younger sister because of her recent success in business, so he goes out of his way to praise her accomplishments and encourage her continued success. Gerald’s behavior best illustrates which of the following?
reaction formation
161
A solution-focused therapist uses scaling questions to help clients:
recognize the progress they’ve made toward achieving their goals.
162
A psychotherapist is careful not to overuse traditional Western psychotherapeutic interventions with clients from cultural minority groups because she believes that culture impacts psychiatric symptoms and responses to interventions. This therapist has adopted which of the following perspectives?
emic
163
For a practitioner of Beck’s cognitive behavior therapy, the automatic thoughts associated with depression reflect which of the following?
negative views of oneself, the world, and the future
164
The adoption of a multicultural perspective is characteristic of which stage of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (2003) racial/cultural identity development model?
integrative awareness
165
Mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is based on the assumption that people with a history of depression can avoid having another depressive episode by:
adopting a decentered position at the first sign of depression.
166
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue’s (2003) racial/cultural identity development model predicts that an African American client in the ____________ stage will most likely prefer having a White therapist.
conformity
167
As described by Carl Rogers, incongruence between self-concept and experience is caused by which of the following?
conditions of worth
168
Seller et al.’s (1998) multidimensional model of racial identity predicts that racial salience is affected by:
the current situation and racial centrality.
169
Based on their analysis of data collected in the Generations Study of LGB individuals belonging to three age cohorts, Bishop and her colleagues (2020) concluded that:
members of the younger age cohort experienced all sexual identity development milestones earlier than did members of the middle and older age cohorts.
170
During their initial therapy session with Dr. Haley, Maxine complains that her husband, Max, always makes decisions that affect the two of them without consulting her and she sometimes doesn’t like the outcomes of the decisions he makes. Max says that he often makes major decisions without consulting his wife because she tends to get anxious whenever she has to make a decision. Dr. Haley responds by saying that it sounds like Maxine wants Max to consult her before making any decision – big or small – that will affect both of them, even if this might create a problem such as causing them to miss a deadline or opportunity. The paradoxical technique being used by Dr. Haley is referred to as:
positioning.
171
Csikszentmihaly (1990), one of the founders of positive psychology, describes ________ as “a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; the experience is so enjoyable that people will continue to do it even at great cost, for the sheer sake of doing it” (p.4).
flow
172
Knox’s (2015) research on the effects of combining EMDR and EFT as a treatment for couples affected by war trauma found that:
the combined treatment was more effective than EFT alone or EMDR alone for improving marital satisfaction and attachment security, but EMDR alone was most effective for reducing the symptoms of PTSD.
173
Which of the following is true about efficacy and effectiveness research?
Efficacy research has better internal validity but poorer external validity than effectiveness research does.
174
As used by practitioners of motivational interviewing, the technique known as “developing discrepancy” involves helping clients recognize the difference between:
their values and goals and their current behaviors.
175
Motivational interviewing incorporates concepts and procedures from which of the following?
Rogers’s person-centered therapy
176
For practitioners of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), depression is due to:
psychological inflexibility.
177
With regard to systems theory, positive feedback is:
deviation amplifying.
178
Research has found that, for some immigrant groups, recent immigrants often have better health and educational outcomes than more established immigrants and nonimmigrants do. This is referred to as the:
immigrant paradox.
179
The primary goal of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is best described as:
accepting and separating from distressful thoughts.
180
Which of the following is an evidence-based treatment that combines experiential, humanistic, systemic, and attachment theories and views distress experienced by romantic partners to be the result of negative interaction cycles?
emotionally focused therapy
181
A White therapist is likely to be most effective when working with clients from racial and cultural minority groups when she is in which of the following of Helms’s identity statuses?
autonomy
182
The two most frequently cited models of disability are the ________ models.
medical and social
183
Which of the following is most useful for explaining racial/ethnic disparities in mental and physical health?
minority stress theory
184
A solution-focused therapist would most likely ask a client the “miracle question” to:
help the client identify treatment goals.
185
Practitioners of Milan systemic family therapy would be least likely to use which of the following techniques?
fixed-role therapy
186
Studies comparing transdiagnostic psychological treatments with diagnosis-specific psychological treatments for adult anxiety and depression have generally found that transdiagnostic treatments:
are as effective or more effective than diagnosis-specific treatments for anxiety and depression.
187
The integration paradox refers to the tendency of:
higher-status immigrants (i.e., those with higher levels of education and economic success) to be more likely than lower-status immigrants to report experiencing discrimination.
188
Which of the following is most useful for understanding the effectiveness of emotionally focused therapy for couples?
attachment theory
189
A practitioner of which of the following types of therapy would most likely agree that a goal of therapy is to replace “dirty discomfort” with “clean discomfort”?
acceptance and commitment therapy
190
The best conclusion that can be drawn from the results of Werntz et al.’s (2023) meta-review of research on digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) is that their effectiveness:
is often improved by adding human support whether the support is provided by a professional or a nonprofessional.
191
According to Carl Rogers (1951), incongruence between self and experience produces anxiety, which a person may respond to defensively by:
denying or distorting the experience.
192
Howard and his colleagues (1986) have developed a phase model that predicts that client improvement during the first few sessions of therapy is usually due to:
increased feelings of hopefulness.
193
Practitioners of acceptance and commitment therapy:
teach clients mindfulness techniques that help them perceive symptoms as uncomfortable or harmless transient psychological events.
194
During a discussion on race, a White graduate student says to an African American student that she “doesn’t see color” and that “we’re all part of the human race.” As described by Sue et al. (2007), these comments are examples of which of the following?
microinvalidation
195
Therapy based on Boyd-Franklin’s (1989) multisystems model:
combines components of the treatment process with levels at which the therapist can provide treatment.
196
Which of the following is not one of the four problem areas that are targeted by practitioners of interpersonal psychotherapy when working with clients who are depressed?
intimacy
197
The multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI) developed by Sellers and colleagues (1998) distinguishes between four dimensions of African American identity that include all of the following except:
racial disparity.
198
Which of the following is the primary focus of therapy for Milan systemic family therapists?
destructive family games
199
Carl Rogers proposed that people may respond to anxiety caused by incongruence between self and experience by:
distorting or denying the experience.
200
According to Beck, negative beliefs about oneself, the world, and the future are characteristic of:
depression.
201
Prescribing maintenance antidepressants to prevent relapse in individuals who have received a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and participated in cognitive-behavior therapy is an example of:
tertiary prevention.
202
Practitioners of Ellis’s rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) view emotions and behaviors as the result of a chain of events that’s depicted as A-B-C. In this chain, B refers to a person’s:
beliefs about an event.
203
Milan systemic family therapists use circular questions to help family members:
recognize differences in perceptions that may be contributing to family problems.
204
The Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI) developed by Sellers and colleagues (1998) distinguishes between four dimensions of African American identity. Which of these dimensions is most affected by the nature of the individual’s current situation?
racial salience
205
Based on a review of psychotherapy outcome studies, Hans Eysenck (1952) concluded that:
72% of patients with neuroses can be expected to experience spontaneous recovery without treatment.
206
Milan systemic family therapists use which of the following to help family members recognize similarities and differences in their perceptions of a family event?
circular questioning
207
Glasser’s (1998) reality therapy is based on the premise that ____________ leads to the development of a failure identity.
irresponsible behavior
208
At the beginning of her third therapy session, your new client says she’s “already feeling much better.” According to Howard et al.’s (1996) phase model, the client’s improvement is most likely due to which of the following?
an increased sense of hope
209
Compared to effectiveness research on psychotherapy outcomes, efficacy research has:
better internal validity but worse external validity.
210
According to Sue et al. (2019), a Black therapy client with an _____ worldview is likely to be the most challenging for a White middle-class therapist who has an IC-IR worldview.
IC-ER
211
Research has found that, among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals, being open about their sexual orientation to friends and family members is associated with:
lower levels of anxiety, higher levels of self-esteem, and greater social support.
212
Based on the results of their meta-analysis of 475 psychotherapy outcome studies, Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) concluded that the average psychotherapy patient is better off than ____% of patients who do not receive psychotherapy.
80
213
Peggy McIntosh (1998) listed the statement “I can easily buy posters, postcards, picture books, greeting cards, dolls, toys, and children’s magazines featuring people of my race” to illustrate which of the following?
White privilege
214
A practitioner of which of the following would encourage a new client who is depressed to adopt the “sick role”?
interpersonal therapy
215
Practitioners of reality therapy would most likely agree that psychological pain is:
the result of ineffective attempts to satisfy one’s needs.
216
A practitioner of which of the following would focus on role transitions, role disputes, unresolved grief, and/or interpersonal deficits when working with a client who has received a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?
interpersonal therapy
217
A practitioner of Freudian psychoanalysis is most likely to interpret the artistic endeavors of his client as a diversion of the client’s unacceptable aggressive urges and a manifestation of which of the following?
sublimation
218
The initial stage in Troiden’s (1989) homosexual identity development model is:
sensitization.
219
According to Berry (2005), immigrants and minority group members are most likely to experience the lowest level of acculturative stress when they have adopted which of the following acculturation strategies?
integration
220
A program that targets the academic and behavioral functioning of children in elementary school whose parents have a substance use disorder is an example of which type of prevention?
selected
221
A college undergraduate who usually gets A’s and B’s on exams received a C on a recent midterm exam, and he immediately assumed that the low grade was a mistake. The student’s response to his midterm exam grade is best explained by which of the following defense mechanisms?
denial
222
A 58-year-old man comes to therapy at the insistence of his wife who is threatening to leave him if he doesn’t stop drinking. The man says he’s been drinking alcohol since he was in his late 20s, has tried stopping when family members have asked him to, but doesn’t see why his drinking bothers other people so much. He says he doesn’t really want to stop and has only come to therapy to make his wife happy. According to Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model, this man is in which stage of change?
precontemplation
223
Milan systemic family therapists use which of the following types of questions to obtain information on the communication patterns that are maintaining a family’s problematic behaviors?
circular
224
As described by cybernetic theory, a negative feedback loop:
helps a system maintain or restore a state of stability.
225
A practitioner of Beck’s cognitive-behavior therapy is likely to ask clients to complete a Dysfunctional Thought Record that requires them to record negative automatic thoughts that support their presenting problems and which of the following?
rational responses to their automatic thoughts
226
The best conclusion that can be drawn from research on the effects of routine outcome monitoring (ROM) is that it:
improves symptom reduction and decreases premature termination and deterioration during therapy, especially for “not-on-track” clients.
227
Which of the following is not one of the microaggressions identified by D. W. Sue et al. (2007)?
microinequity
228
Practitioners of motivational interviewing use evocative questions to:
elicit change talk.
229
When the parents of a 10-year-old child are in conflict with each other, each parent actively recruits the child to side with them. A practitioner of Minuchin’s structural family therapy would refer to this as:
an unstable coalition.
230
The primary goal of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is to help clients:
disengage from distressing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
231
According to Howard et al.’s (1986) dose-effect model, about ____% of therapy clients experience an improvement in symptoms by the 26th therapy session.
75
232
A member of an ethnic minority group rejects the values, beliefs, and cultural practices of both her own minority group and the dominant (majority) group. According to Berry (2003), this person has adopted which of the following acculturation strategies?
marginalization
233
As defined by Wrenn (1985), culturally encapsulated therapists:
make judgments on the basis of their own cultural assumptions which they view as applicable to all clients regardless of their cultural background.
234
As described by Sue et al. (2007), assigning a level of intelligence to a person of color on the basis of the person’s race is which type of microaggression?
microinsult
235
A family therapist describes a patient’s depression and anxiety as loneliness. The technique being used by this therapist is referred to as:
reframing.
236
Sue and Sue (2015) propose that a White therapist with an internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility is likely to encounter the most difficulties when working with clients from an ethnic or racial minority group who have an:
internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility.
237
Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) was originally developed as an intervention for:
distressed couples.
