psychopathology Flashcards
deviation from social norms
not acting normally in a communtiy
skipping the queues
- clarity
- flexible
— cultural differences
deviation from ideal mental health
sahoda 6 terms
- autonomy
- resistance to stress
- environmental mastery
- accurate perception of reality
- self esteem
- self actualisation
helps therapists have a checklist
everyone would be depressed
cultural differences
failure to function adequately
siegman 7 terms
-maladaptive behaviour
- personal distress
- unconventionality
- irrationality
-observer discomfort
- violation of moral standards
- unpredictability
- takes into consideration feelings
- subjective
statistical infrequency
bell curve
- intuitive
- objective
- culture mathematical behaviour
- abnormal behvsviours can occur frequently 25 percent of population have depression
- cultural difference
charactersitics
phobias
AO1
behavioural- panic,endurance,avoidance
cognitive- selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions
emotional- prolonged anxiety, quick response fear
explanations of phobias
AO1 and AO3
two process model- learned by classical maintained by operant
by mowrer
good explanatory power
explains avoidance behaviours
doesn’t consider cognitive
oversimplified
- bountoun evolutsionary
- siegman spiders cars
phobia treatments
A01 and AO3
flooding-
one sessions of 3 hours proving patient that the stimulus won’t hurt them
extinction
- cost effective
- unpleasant traumatic
- most people don’t last so wasting money
systematic desensitisation -
1 anxiety heirarchy
2 relaxation techniques
3 exposure
- works for a range of patients
- preferable
gilroy followed up patients after 3 months they were more relaxed
OCD characteristics
AO1
behavioural- compulsions avoidance
cognitive- obsessive thoughts, know thoughts irrational
emotional- anxiety and distress guilt and disgust
OCD explanations
AO1
family tree- lewis 37% ocd parents 21% ocd siblings
diathesis stress model- genetic vulnerability+ environmental triggers= OCD
candidate genes- 5HTI BETA multiple faults in genes
taylor- 230 faulty genes in OCD (polygenic)
high dopamine and low levels of serotonin
lateral frontal lobes for decision making may not function
parahippocampul gyrus for bad emotions faulty
OCD explanations
AO3
genetic link evidence
mono 68
dizo 31
diathesis stress model evidence
over half OCD patients had a traumatic event in past OCD more severe when they had 2 traumatic events
cause and effect
association with serotonin and OCD
3rd factor involved what causes what
treatments OCD
AO3 and AO1
cheapest biological therapy= drugs SSRIs
form of antidepressants act on serotonin
swallowed enter blood stream
synapses
releases serotonin that binds to receptor on post neuron reabsorbed to pre synaptic to block reabsorption
20mg 3-4 months
no improvement 60mg
tricyclics severe side effects
SNRIS
- have side effects
erection problems skin rash - cost effective non districtive
don’t require hard work or time commitment
the drugs do work
reviewed SSRIS to placebo
17 studies showed greater effectiveness than placebos
best when combined
depression characteristics
AO1
behavioural- sleep disturbances, appetite changes
cognitive- focus on negative, difficult concentrate
emotional- feelings of worthlessness lack of interest
depression explanations
AO1
ellis 1962
ABC model - irrational thinking
activation event
beliefs- musturbation- everything perfect
icandstandititis- disaster when something doesn’t come smoothly
consequences- behavioural and emotional consequences
beck 1967
distorted thoughts faulty information processing
blow negatives out of proportion
negative self schema- becomes criticism
negative triad- irrational view of ourselves and future and world around us
depression explanations
AO3
doesn’t explain other aspects of depression like anger and hallucination
practical application to CBT
grazioli and ferry 2000
assessed 65 pregnant women for poor cognitive vulnerability (becks views)
high cognitive vulnerability equals change of post partum depression
depression treatment
AO1 and AO3
ellis REBT
extends to ABCDE
dispute and effect
state how unfair then argue back
empirical evidence
logical facts
beck CBT
identify thoughts about the future self and world then challenge thoughts
set tasks to write down when something good happens
then therapists use it to prove
effective- march et al compared CBT and drugs and a combination in 327 adolescents 36 weeks
81% CBT and drugs improved
86% both improved
CBT just as effective
CBT may not work for severe
cannot motivate themselves to engage with cognitive work may not be able to pay attention to what’s happening drugs better on this case
may be due to therapist patient relationship
difference between CBT and SD very similar all therapists share relationship may be the quality of this that determines success
many patients want to explore their past but CBT only does future and present
