Psychopathology Flashcards
What is abnormality?
Going against the written or unwritten rules of society
What are the four definitions of abnormality?
Statistical infrequency
Deviation from ideal mental health
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from social norms
What is meant by statistical infrequency?
Behaviours can be classed as abnormal depending on how many people do them
If the behaviour is rare on a normal distribution then it is abnormal
What is meant by deviation from ideal mental health?
Marie Jahoda developed the six criteria for ideal mental health
Failure to meet these criteria constitutes abnormality
What are Jahoda’s six criteria for ideal mental health?
1) positive self-attitudes
2) growth/greater meaning (ambition)
3) resistance to stress
4) autonomy (independence and choice making)
5) accurate perception of reality
6) environmental mastery: being able to meet the demands of everyday life
What is meant by failure to function adequately?
If someone is failing to perform the basic behaviours necessary for everyday life then they will be considered abnormal
E.g. maintain basic hygiene or hold down a job
What is meant by deviation from social norms?
We would define a behaviour as abnormal if it goes against social norms
This includes if it:
Violates the written or unwritten rules of society
Defies social conventions considered acceptable in a particular group
Causes observer discomfort
Statistical infrequency evaluation
Real world application - helps identify mental illness
Unusual characteristics can be positive (e.g. high IQ)
Deviation from ideal mental health evaluation
Jahoda gives a comprehensive list (holistic)
However it is unrealistic for people to maintain all of these criteria constantly
Not generalisable - ideal mental health varies between cultures
The list was made in the 1950’s - outdated and lacks temporal validity
Failure to function adequately evaluation
Everyone experiences this at some point (grief)
Represents a threshold for help and can identify mental health issues
Deviation from social norms evaluation
Can be used in clinical practice (anti-social personality disorder)
Cannot be generalised, social norms may vary between cultures
Other factors can cause deviation (autism makes it hard to maintain eye contact)
What is a phobia?
An anxiety disorder involving excessive and persistent fear of a situation or object
Exposure to the source can immediately trigger a panic response
What are the three types of phobia?
Social phobias
Agoraphobia
Specific phobia
What is a social phobia?
Social anxiety disorder, is marked by a fear of social situations in which a person might be judged or embarrassed
What is agoraphobia?
Involves irrational and extreme fear of being in places where escape is difficult
May involve fear of public spaces or leaving home
What are specific phobias?
Having a phobia of a specific object
Emotional characteristics of phobias
Excessive and unreasonable fear in response to a specific stimulus, anxiety/panic
Behavioural characteristics of phobias
Avoidance that interferes with day to day life, freezing or fainting
Cognitive characteristics of phobias
Irrational thinking, resistance to logical argument, awareness of own irrationality
How is classical conditioning linked to phobias?
In the case of little Albert the unconditioned stimulus (the bang) naturally produces fear which becomes paired with the rat producing a conditioned response of fear developing a phobia of rats
How are phobias maintained by operant conditioning?
Negative reinforcement - avoiding the stimulus helps us escape the fear and anxiety which reinforces the avoidance behaviour, maintaining the phobia
What is meant by the two-process model?
Acquisition by classical conditioning and maintenance by operant conditioning
Strengths of conditioning for phobias
There is support to show that classical conditioning leads to the development of phobias (Watson and raynor)
Weaknesses of conditioning for phobias
Overlooks the role of cognition which is problematic as irrational thinking is a key feature of phobias
Tomarken et al presented a series of slides of snakes and neutral images to phobic and non-phobic participants, the phobic ones tended to overestimate the number of snakes presented
Seligman suggests that humans have a biological preparedness to develop certain phobias because they were adaptive
Biological preparedness is further supported by Ost and Hugdahl who claim that nearly half of all people with phobias have never had an anxious experience with their fear
What are the two ways to treat phobias?
Flooding and systematic desensitisation
What is the first step of flooding?
Relaxation
The patient is taught relaxation techniques e.g. breathing exercises
What is the second step of flooding?
Intense exposure
The patient is introduced to the phobic stimulus at its worst while using the relaxation techniques (reciprocal inhibition)
Session lasts 2-3 hours to give fight or flight time to pass
Once relaxation has occurred the patient has a neutral or positive experience with the stimulus so begins the unlearn the association
Can be done in vitro or in vivo
What is meant by in vitro?
Imagined
What is meant by in vivo?
Actual conatct
What is the first step of desensitisation?
Relaxation
The patient is taught relaxation techniques (breathing exercises)
What is the second step of desensitisation?
Hierarchy is created
The patient is gradually introduced to the phobic stimulus while using relaxation thechniques
The hierarchy is a series of agreed progressive steps, from least to most fearful, which must be mastered before moving on
Can be administered same day or over multiple sessions and can be in vitro or in vivo
Is flooding effective?
Has similar effectiveness to similar therapies
Some evidence that it is better than SD (Choy et al 2007)
Evidence backed effective therapy
Is flooding appropriate?
Very intense and not appropriate for everyone
Exposure could backfire and make things worse which might seriously undermine effectiveness of therapy
How does flooding fare economically?
Can be traumatic and some consider it unethical
People might not turn up or give up because of the intensity which wastes resources
Difficult and unethical to run online or alone
How effective is systematic desensitisation?
McGrath et al 1990 - 75% success rate
In vivo more effective than in vitro (Choy et al)
Works in the long run (Gilroy et al 2003, found the patients were less afraid of spiders than the control group at a three year follow up after just a 45-minute session)
Can combine in vivo and in vitro in a hierarchy maximising effectiveness
How appropriate is systematic desensitisation?
Little insight needed
May not be appropriate for all phobias, ancient fears are best treated by flooding
How does systematic desensitisation fare economically?
Allows patient buy-in since steps are agreed on meaning there is less distress/dropouts so doesn’t waste resources
Can be self-administered and/or done online - cheap and widens access to those who cannot access conventional therapy