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AQA: Psychology Paper 1 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

DSM [definition]:

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders

book of mental illness lol

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2
Q

Deviation from Social norms [definition]:

[3]:

A
  • Abnormal behaviour is seen as non-compliance to social rules.
  • Anything that violates these unwritten rules is abnormal
  • Deviates from socially acceptable behaviour
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3
Q

Statistical infrequency [definition]:

[2]:

A
  • Abnormality is defined as those behaviours that are extremely rare
  • Behaviour that is only found in very few ppl be abnormal
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4
Q

statistical infrequency [example]:

A

Having first bby before 20 or over 40

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5
Q

deviation from social norms [example]:

A

paedophilia.

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6
Q

Deviation from social norms AO3- Temporal validity [3]:

A
  • What is socially acceptable now may not have been socially acceptable 50 yrs ago
  • e.g being gay was under sexual and gender identity disorders in DSM
  • Thomas Szasz (1974): concept of mental disorders was to simply exclude non-conformists from society
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7
Q

Deviation from social norms AO3- Context

A
  • Judgements on deviance r related to context of behaviour
  • e.g u can be half-naked at beach but not in a classroom
  • doin that would be regarded as mental disorder
  • So social deviance on its own can’t offer complete definition of abnormality
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8
Q

Statistical infrequency AO3- desirability [4]:

A
  • Sum behaviours desirable
  • e.g havin IQ over 150 is abnormal but desirable
  • Sum ‘normal’ behaviours undesirable [depression]
  • U canny distinguish between desirable and un by usin stat infrequency
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9
Q

Statistical infrequency AO3- cultural relativism [3]:

A
  • Behaviours that are uncommon may be stat more frequent in other cultures
  • schiz symptom is hearin voices is norm in sum cultures
  • So no universal standard for labelling abnormality, go for ideographic
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10
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health (explanation)

[3]:

A
  • Abnormality is defined in terms of mental health
  • behaviours that r associated with competence & happiness r normal
  • Ideal mental health = positive view of self + resistance to stress + accurate perception of reality
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11
Q

Failure to function adequately [explanation]:

[2]:

A
  • Ppl r judged on their ability to go abt daily life

- If they canny do it and r distressed then they abnormal

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12
Q

Failure to function adequately AO1 [3]:

A
  • Things like eating regularly, washing clothes, going out
  • Can be a distress to others not only themselves if abnormal e.g. ppl with schiz
  • Not coping with evry day life in normal way is also abnormal
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13
Q

Failure to function adequately AO1- WHODAS [4]:

A
  • DSM has an assessment of ability to function- WHODAS
  • Considers 6 areas
  • Individuals rate each item on scale of 1-5
  • Overall score of 180
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14
Q

What are the areas considered in WHODAS? [6]:

A
  • Participation in society
  • Understanding and communicating
  • Getting around
  • Getting along with ppl
  • Self-care
  • Life activities
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15
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health- Marie Jahoda

[3]:

A
  • We define physical illness by looking at the absences of signs of physical health
  • Jahoda suggest we should look at mental illness the same way
  • Conducted a review of what others had written about good mental health and what enables others to be happy
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16
Q

What are Jahoda’s characteristics for deviation from ideal mental health? [6]:

A
  • Self-attitudes: High self esteem & sense of identity
  • Personal growth & self-actualisation
  • Integration e.g bein able to cope with stress
  • Autonomy
  • Accurate perception of reality
  • Mastery of environment
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17
Q

Mastery of environment [explanation]:

A

Ability to love, function at work and in interpersonal relationships, adjust to new situations and solve problems

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18
Q

Failure to function adequately AO3- Subjective experience [4]:

A

+ This definition acc recognises the patient’s SE
+ Allows us to see mental disorder from patient POV
+ Relatively easy to judge objectively cus we can judge abnormality using list of behaviours
+ Therefore has sensitivity & practicality

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19
Q

Failure to function adequately AO3- dysfunctional vs functional [3]:

A
  • Sum ‘dysfunctional’ behaviour can be adaptive & functional for individual & vice versa
  • e.g. transvestism is classed as mental disorder but individual likely to regard it as functional
  • Failure to distinguish between func and dysfunc shows its incomplete
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20
Q

Ideal mental health AO3- Unrealistic criteria [4]:

A
  • According to this, most of us be abnormal
  • IDEAListic & we don’t know how many have to be missin
    to be abnormal
  • Diffficult to measure
  • Cool idea bro, not practical tho
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21
Q

Ideal mental health AO3- Optimism [4]:

A

+ Focuses on +ves rather than -ves
+ Offers alt pov abt desirable not undesirable
+ Had some influence in ‘+ve psych’ movement
+ Therefore +ve influence on humanistic approaches

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22
Q

Phobias [2]:

A
  • an anxiety disorder

- 2.6% of uk had em in 2009

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23
Q

Depression [2]:

A
  • Mood disorder

- 2.6% of uk had it in 2009

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24
Q

OCD [3]:

A
  • Obsessive Compulsive disorder
  • Anxiety disorder
  • 1.3% of uk had it in 2009
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25
Q

The two-process model [2]:

A
  • Orval Hobart Mowrer (1947)

- Proposed model to explain how phobias are learned

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26
Q

What is stage 1 in Mowrer’s two-process model?

A

Classical conditioning

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27
Q

What is stage 2 in Mowrer’s two-process model?

A

Operant Conditioning

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28
Q

Two-process model- classical conditioning [2]:

A
  • Phobia is acquired through the association between a NS and an Unconditioned Stimulus
  • Eventually it becomes a conditioned stimulus
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29
Q

Lil Albert classical conditioning equation [3]:

A
  • NS = white rat UCS = loud noise
  • NS + UCS = UCR (fear)
  • CS= Rat CR= Fear CS= CR
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30
Q

Two-process model- Operant conditioning [3]:

A
  • Operant maintains phobia
  • Phobia is rewarding cus staying away from fear stimuli reduces fear
  • Increases likelihood of behaviour
31
Q

Social learning for phobias [2]:

A
  • Phobias are acquired thru the modelling the behaviour of others
  • e.g seeing mum scared of spider may lead to child copying or having similar behaviour
32
Q

The behavioural approach in explaining phobias AO3-

Research support [3]:

A

+ Watson and Rayner (1920)
+ Used classical conditioning to make lil Albert fear rats
+ Shows that You learn the fear thru association

33
Q

The behavioural approach in explaining phobias AO3- Incomplete [4]:

A
  • If NS is associated with scary experience then = phobia which isn’t always true
  • Di Nardo et al (1988)
  • Not everyone bitten by dog scared of dog
  • Suggests it only works if ppl have genetic vulnerability so theory incomplete
34
Q

The behavioural approach in explaining phobias AO3-

2 process ignores cognitive [3]:

A
  • Cognitive aspects to phobias that canny be solely explained by behaviourism
  • Cognitive = irrational thoughts = anxiety = phobia
  • but cognitive better cus practical applications (CBT)
35
Q

The behavioural approach in explaining phobias AO3-

Biological preparedness [4]:

A
  • Seligman (1970) argues we have bio preparedness to develop certain phobias than others
  • cus they were adaptive in our evolutionary past
  • e.g fear of high places is led to survival
  • Behavioural doesn’t explain that so incomplete
36
Q

What are the behavioural treatment methods for phobias? [2]:

A
  • Systematic desensitisation

- Flooding

37
Q

Flooding =

A

Phobia completely tackled in one longass session

38
Q

Systematic desensitisation =

A

Patient gradually exposed to fear stimuli till they feel better

39
Q

How to systematic desensitisation [5]:

A
  1. Patient taught how to relax muscles completely
  2. Therapist & Pt make a desensitisation hierarchy
  3. Pt slowly works way thru desensitisation hierarchy
  4. Once pt has mastered one step they move onto next
  5. Patient overcomes fear
40
Q

How to flooding [2]:

A
  1. Patient taught how to relax muscles completely

2. Patient overcomes fear

41
Q

Joseph Wolpe’s systematic desensitisation components [3]:

A
  • Counterconditioning
  • Relaxation
  • Desensitisation hierarchy
42
Q

Counterconditioning [3]:

A
  • Pt is taught new association that counters of association
  • Associate phobic stimulus with relaxation instead of fear
  • This reduces anxiety
43
Q

Relaxation [3]:

A
  • Therapist teaches pt relaxation techniques
  • When we are anxious we breath quick so slowin down helps relax
  • Also progressive muscle relaxation (1 muscle at a time)
44
Q

Systematic desensitisation ao3- effectiveness [4]:

A

+ SD has been proven success for a range of phobias
+ Mcgrath et al reported 75% pt’s respond to SD
+ Key to success is ACC contact / in vivo techniques
+ This demonstrates the effectiveness of SD

45
Q

Systematic desensitisation ao3- appropriateness [4]:

A
  • Not appropriate for all phobias
  • Ohman et al suggests
  • SD less effective when phobias have underlying evolutionary/ survival components
  • Suggests it can only be used for some
46
Q

Flooding ao3- practicality [3]:

A

+ more practical as less time consuming
+ Means more patients can be treated cus less time spent on one
+ more ppl able to go back to work

47
Q

Flooding ao3- not for everybody [3]:

A
  • can be highly traumatic procedure
  • pt’s told this before but might still quit
  • this means they aren’t acc getting treated
48
Q

Systematic desensitisation and flooding ao3- [3]:

A
  • They treat the fear symptom of the phobia not cause
  • only observable/ measurable symptoms treated
  • CBT may be more appropriate cus it would treat the faulty cognition
49
Q

What are the types of biological explanations for treating OCD? [2]:

A
  • Genetic explanations

- Neural explanations

50
Q

What are the genetic explanations for treating OCD? [3]:

A
  • COMT gene
  • SERT gene
  • Diathesis-stress
51
Q

What are the neural explanations for treating OCD [2]:

A
  • Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters

- Abnormal brain circuits

52
Q

The COMT gene [3]:

A
  • COMT involved in producing of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
  • COMT regulates production of dopamine
  • COMT gene is more common in OCD pt’s than non
53
Q

The SERT gene [3]:

A
  • SERT affects transport of serotonin = lower lvls of it
  • Lower lvls of serotonin linked to OCD
  • Ozaki et al found mutated ver of gene, 6/7 ppl had OCD
54
Q

Diathesis-stress [3]:

A
  • SERT linked to other disorders so can’t be only gene
  • Genes create vulnerability
  • Other factors/ stressors affect what condition develops or if it even develops
55
Q

Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters [4]:

A
  • High lvls of dopamine = OCD
  • Szechtman et al found that animals given high lvls of dope cus drug had stereotypical OCD movements
  • Low lvls of serotonin = OCD
  • Antidepressants that increase the rate of dope reduce OCD symptoms so
56
Q

Abnormal brain circuits [2]:

A
  • Several areas of the frontal lobes of the brain are thought to be ab in ppl with OCD
  • This is supported by PET scans of pt’s with OCD
57
Q

In a normal brain circuit [2]:

A
  • Caudate nucleus suppresses signals from OFC

- OFC sends to thalamus abt potential hazards

58
Q

In an abnormal brain circuit [3]:

A
  • Damaged caudate nucleus fails to suppress signals from OFC
  • So ‘minor’ worry signals are sent to thalamus which sends signals back to OFC
  • This creates a worry circuit
59
Q

What does OFC stand for?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

60
Q

Biological explanations for OCD AO3- research support [4]:

A

+ Menzies et al (2007)
+ Used MRI to see brain activity of OCD & immediate family w/o OCD
+ OCD pts & family had less grey matter in brain including OFC
+ Supports cus diff r inherited and may lead to OCD

61
Q

Biological explanations for OCD AO3- Real-world applications [3]:

A

+ Development may lead to be able to screen for disorders prenatal and it can be aborted
+ Gene therapies can also be involved to turn off faulty genes to avoid disorders
+ Reduces ppl with OCD

62
Q

Biological explanations for OCD AO3- Two-step process be better [4]:

A
  • Neutral stimulus is associated with anxiety = OCD
  • Maintained cus anxiety stimuli is avoided
  • Behavioural treatment like response prevention improves symptoms of OCD
  • so more appropriate
63
Q

Biological explanations for OCD AO3- testability [3]:

A

+ Testable by neuroscience research
+ So there is evidence for genetic and neurotransmitter involvement
+ Makes it more reliable explanation for OCD

64
Q

Drug therapies for OCD [4]:

A
  • Antidepressants: SSRIs
  • Antidepressants: tricyclics
  • Anti anxiety drugs
  • D-cycloserine
65
Q

Antidepressants- SSRIs [4]:

A
  • Selective Serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors
  • Increases level of serotonin
  • It inhibits the reabsorption of sero so it stays in cleft & can still stimulate receptor
  • Reduces anxiety
66
Q

Anti-depressants- Tricyclics [3]:

A
  • Tricyclic clomipramine = 1st antidepress used for OCD
  • Blocks the transporter mechanism that reabsorbs serotonin & noradrenaline
  • More neurotrans in the synapse, means continued stimulation of neuron
67
Q

Tricyclics +/- [2]:

A

+ Targets more than one neurotransmitter

- Greater side effects so only used if SSRIs not effective

68
Q

Anti-anxiety drugs [4]:

A
  • Benzodiazepines (xanax, diazepam)
  • SLows down CNS by GABA neurotrans
  • GABA binds to receptors which increases flow of Cl⁻
  • Cl⁻ ions make it harder for neuron to be stimulated by other neurotransmitters, slowing down CNS = relaxed
69
Q

D-Cycloserine [2]:

A
  • Reduces anxiety

- Antibiotic for tuberculosis that enhance GABA neuron

70
Q

What do GABA do? [3]:

A
  • Increases flow of Cl⁻by ions
  • Makes it harder for neuron to be stimulated other neurotransmitters
  • This slows down CNS
71
Q

Biological approach for treating OCD AO3- effort

[3]:

A

+ Requires lil input from user in terms of time & effort
+ CBT requires pt to attend regular meetings and a lot of thought into tackling their problem
+ This be difficult for pts with busy lives so drug better

72
Q

Biological approach for treating OCD AO3- Cheap [3]:

A

+ Drug therapies cheaper for health service cus they require little monitoring (one consultation n go)
+ This means that more pts can be treated
+ Therefore drug therapies more economical than psych therapies

73
Q

Biological approach for treating OCD AO3- Side effects [3]:

A
  • Soomro et al (2008) found that
  • Nausea, headaches & insomnia are common for SSRIs
  • Although not severe still enough to make certains stop taking it, means its not treating them
74
Q

Biological approach for treating OCD AO3- Long lasting [4]:

A
  • Not a long-lasting cure
  • Maina et al (2001)
  • Pts relapse within a few weeks of drug being stopped
  • Means it only helps in short term tbh

AQA: Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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