Memory Flashcards
Who made the multistore model of memory?
Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin (1968)
Components of MSM [6]:
- Sensory register
- Attention
- Short-term memory
- Maintenance rehearsal
- Long-term memory
- Retrieval
Sensory register [3]:
- Gets sensory info
- Capacity of these registers is very large
- Constantly receiving info but most don’t get attention and remain in the register for brief duration (milliseconds)
Attention [2]:
- If a person’s attention is focused onto one of the sensory stores, data is transferred to STM
- Attention is 1st step In remembering sumn
Short-term memory (STM) [3]:
- Info held here to be used for immediate tasks
- Has limited duration and info will decay w/o repetition
- Info will also disappear from STM if new info is added cus it has limited capacity so pushes out old info
Maintenance Rehearsal [2]:
- Repetition keeps memory in STM & eventually LTM
- Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a direct relationship between rehearsal in STM & strength of LTM
Long-term Memory [capacity]:
Potentially unlimited in duration and capacity
Retreival [explanation]:
The process of getting info from LTM involves the info passing thru STM, then it can be used
Multi-store model of memory AO3- research support [4]:
+ Can use brain scanning techniques to show a difference between STM & LTM
+ Beardsley (1997)
+ Prefrontal cortex is active during STM but not LTM
+ Shows that diff stores exist
Multi-store model of memory AO3- Case studies [4]:
+ Scoville & Milner (1957)
+ HM had brain damage caused by an operation that removed hippocampus from both sides to reduce seizures
+ HM’s personality and intellect stayed the same but canny form new LTMs
+ Proves there are diff stores
Multi-store model of memory AO3- Reductionist [4]:
- Suggests LTM & STM are unitary stores
- WMM suggests that its not only STM & LTM but also diff types of info stores w/ diff types of info
- Maintenace rehearsal can explain LT semantic mems but not LT episodic mems
- its too simple bruh
Multi-store model of memory AO3-STM & LTM [4]:
- MSM suggests STM before LTM research suggests else
- Logie (1999)
- STM ACC relies on LTM so canny come first
- This suggests STM is a part of LTM not a separate store
The capacity of STM [2]:
- George Miller (1956)
- 7±2 items
Duration of STM [4]:
- Peterson (1959)
- 24 ppts tested over 8 trials
- 90% correct over 3 secs , 2% correct after 18 secs
- Duration very short, less than 18 secs
Duration of LTM [5]:
- Bahrick et al (1975)
- Tested 400+ ppl ages (17-74)
- Photo recognition task from ppt’s yearbook
- Ppts 15 yrs after = 90% accurate 48 yrs = 70%
- theoretically limitless
Coding experiment [2]:
- Alan Baddeley (1966)
- used word lists to test the effect of acoustically and semantically similar words on STM and LTM
How is LTM coded for?
It is largely encoded semantically
How is STM coded for?
It is largely encoded acoustically
STM and LTM evaluation- research support [4]:
+ Size of info affects how much info u can remember
+ Simon (1974)
+ Ppl had shorter mem span for larger chunks of info
+ Supports idea that STM has limited capacity
STM and LTM evaluation- Individual differences [4]:
- Capacity of STM is not the same for everyone
- Jacobs found that recall (digit span) increases w/ age
- 8yo remembered 6.6 digits vs 19yo remembered 8.6
- Suggests capacity of STM is not acc fixed
STM and LTM evaluation- Artificial [2]:
- STM tests have low ecological validity & mundane realism
- Makes them less generalisable/ applicable to general population
STM and LTM evaluation- displacement [4]:
- STM results may be due to displacement
- Reitman (1974)
- Used auditory tones instead of no. so displacement wouldn’t occur and found STM capacity was longer
- Suggests forgetting in Peterson’s study was due to displacement & not decay
STM and LTM coding ao3- stm exclusivity [4]:
- STM may not be exclusively acoustic
- Brandimote et al (1992)
- Found that ppts used visual coding if given visual task
- Suggests STM is not exclusively acoustically coded
STM and LTM coding ao3- ltm exclusivity [4]:
- LTM may not be exclusively semantic
- Frost (1972)
- LT recall was also related to visual as well as semantic
- Suggests LTM is solely thematic
What are the components of the working model of memory? [4]:
- Central executive
- Phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Episodic buffer
Central executive [3]:
- function = to direct attention to particular tasks
- it determines how the brains ‘resources’ are allocated
- Has v limited capacity & no capacity for storing data
Phonological loop [3]:
- Deals with auditory info & preserves the order of info
- Also has a limited capacity for 1-2 seconds
- Baddeley et al (1986)
Baddeley et al (1986) [3]:
- Phonological loop can be further divided into:
- Phonological store which holds words u hear
- An articulatory process (inner voice)
What does the phonological store do?
Holds the words u hear
What does the articulatory process in the phonological loop do?
silently repeats the words in a loop as a form of maintenance rehearsal
Visuospatial sketchpad [3]:
- Used when planning visual tasks like counting the windows in ur house
- Visual/spatial info is temporarily stored here
- Also displays & manipulates visual info from LTM
- Logie (1995)
Logie (1995) [3]:
- Visuospatial sketchpad can be further divided into;
- A visual Cache
- Inner scribe
What does a visual cache do?
Stores info abt visual items e.g form or colour
What does the inner scribe do?
Stores the arrangement of objects in the visual field
Episodic buffer [4]:
- Combines info from the PL, VSS, & CE/ acts as a general store (so coded both accoustically & semantically)
- Also maintains a sense of time sequencing
- Sends info to LTM
- Limited capacity
Working memory model [explanation]:
an explanation of memory used when working on a task (e.g 12 + 12+ 14) where each store is qualitatively different
Working memory model ao3- Brain damage evidence [4]:
+ Shallice & Warrington (1970)
+ Studied man called KF whose ST forgetting of auditory info was greater than visual info
+ His auditory problems were limited to verbal info like words & sounds
+ Thus his damage was mainly to the phonological loop
Working memory model ao3- Case study problems [3]:
- Brain injury is traumatic so might change behaviour so that person performs worse on certain tasks
- Ppl may have other difficulties like paying attention so might underperform
- Means results obtained may not be due to WMM
Working memory model ao3- WMM vs MSM [3]:
+ It acc explains word length’s effect/ ppl cope better with short words
+ whereas MSM more simplistic in explaining capacity of stores
+ Thus WMM more appropriate
Working memory model ao3- CE vague [3]:
- Sum argue CE concept too vague doesn’t explain anything
- ALl it does is allocate resources so the same as attention in MSM
- CE is unsatisfactory cus it is prolly more complex than Baddeley suggests
How does spoken word data enter the phonological loop?
Enters directly
How does written word information enter the phonological loop?
The words must be converted into articulary (spoken) words to enter
Cognitive interview components [4]:
- Mental reinstatement of the original context
- Report everything
- Change order
- Change persoective
Mental reinstatement of original context [2]:
- Interviewer encourages interviewee to mentally rec recreate the environment of the og incident
- Aim is to make mems accessible cus ppl can’t normally access mems that are there
Report everything [2]:
- Interviewfer encourages the reporting of every detail even tho it may seem irrelevant
- Cus mems are interconected recollection of one detail may cue a lot of other mems
Change order [3]:
- Interviewer may try alt ways thru timeline (reverse order)
- This cus in chronological order schema’s set expectations for evnts taht may have happened at location
- They can’t interfere with knowledge in an alt order
Change perspective [3]:
- Interviewee asked to recall event from multiple perspectives
- e.g how it looked to other witnesses at the time
- This disrupts the effect of schemas/ bias
Who proposed the cognitive interview?
Geiselman et al (1984)
Who adapted the 4 cognitive interview components?
Dando & Milne (2009)
What is the cognitive interview used for?
Used by police to get info abt a crime from eye-witnesses or the victim
Cognitive interview ao3- Hard to measure effectiveness [4]:
- When it is used IRL it isn;t really one procedure but more like a collection of techniques
- e.g Thomas Valley police don’t include ‘chnging pov’
- Other police forces only use ‘reinstate context’ & report everything
- Makes it difficult to compare and thus measure effectiveness
Cognitive interview ao3- Not that practical [3]:
- Kebbell & Wagstaff interviewed police
- Officeres suggest that technique needs more time & training than is available so they prefer to use deliberate strategies
- Means CI is not widespread in police interviews
Cognitive interview ao3- Research support [4]:
+ Kohnken et al (1999)
+ Meta analysis of 53 studies
+ Found a 34% average increase of correct info given
+ Shows it is a reliable practice
Cognitive interview ao3- Old ppl [4]:
+ Cognitive intevriew quite effective on old ppl
+ Negative stereotypes (schemas abt old ppl havin declining memories can make witnesses overly cautious
+ CI overcomes this cus it stresses importance of reporting everything
+ Suggests it is more effective when dealing with older witnesses
