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Neuropharmacology > Psychomimetics > Flashcards

Psychomimetics Flashcards

1
Q

Whats MFB?

A

Mesolimbic system (collection of dopaminergic neurons that project from ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens)

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2
Q

What active constituent does peyote contain?

A

Mescaline

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3
Q

Effects of PCP?

A

-altered body image
-cognitive disorganisation
-drowsiness and apathy
-feeling of isolation
-hypnagogic (dreamlike) states
-euphorian and inebriation

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4
Q

What does PCP stand for?

A

Phenylcyclidine

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5
Q

What two main classes of receptors does PCP interact with?

A

1) sigma opiate receptor - modulates NAdr
2) Glutamate receptor

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6
Q

How does PCP interact with Glutamate receptors?

A

Non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor

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7
Q

What is NMDA?

A

N-methyl D-aspartate is a ligand gated ion channel (non-selective cation channel)

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8
Q

What does PCP cause an increase in?

A

An increase in subcortical VTA dopaminergic activity

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9
Q

Where is NMDA expressed?

A

GABA neurons in the subcortical regions

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10
Q

What does PCP do?

A

PCP removes cortical inhibition

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11
Q

How does cocaine act?

A

Acts by blocking the reuptake of catecholamines into the presynaptic terminal causing an increase in the concentration of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft

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12
Q

What happens in increased levels of cocaine use?

A

Can elicit tremors, convulsions and CNS depression

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13
Q

Name three actions of cocaine?

A

1) Local anaesthetic (blocks voltage-gated Na channels)
2) Causes euphoria
3) Appetite suppressant

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13
Q

Name three actions of cocaine?

A

1) Local anaesthetic (blocks voltage-gated Na channels)
2) Causes euphoria
3) Appetite suppressant

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14
Q

Name some actions of amphetamines?

A
  • raises blood pressure
  • appetite suppressant
  • causes euphoria
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15
Q

Uses for amphetamines (AMPH)

A
  • weight loss
  • narcolepsy
  • attention deficit disorder (ADD)
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16
Q

Name drugs that can trigger/ cause psychosis

A

amphetamine, PCP, cocaine

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17
Q

How does AMPH act?

A

AMPH binds to the DA transporter and reverses the pump on the presynaptic terminal pumping DA out into the synaptic cleft and pumping AMPH into the presynaptic terminal

18
Q

what does MDMA stand for?

A

3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine

19
Q

What is MDMA’s mechanism of action?

A

It acts on 5-HT receptors and effects catecholamine transmission.
- increases 5-Ht concentration by reducing 5-HT reuptake
- it blocks MAO stopping the metabolisation of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin etc.)

20
Q

What is addiction?

A

When a physical and psychological dependance can occur

21
Q

Name three features of addiction

A
  • Compulsion to take the drug
  • ‘Withdrawal’ syndrome
  • Tolerance
22
Q

What is tolerance ?

A

A decreased response to repeated administration

23
Q

What is ‘withdrawal’ syndrome?

A

When opposite effects to those experienced in the presence of the drug due to circuits adapting to the drug’s interaction and highlights the plasticity of the brain

24
Q

Example of a withdrawal ?

A

Heroin causes constipation so a withdrawal symptom is diarrhea

25
Q

What is the dopamine pathway in the brain?

A

MFB (mesolimic pathway)

26
Q

what animal model can show DA’s involvement with cocaine?

A

‘knock out’ experiment
- cocaine administered produced no change in base-line DA (NO INCREASE in locomotor activity)
- Animals will self-administer cocaine meaning theres another ‘reinforcing stimulus’ other than DA

27
Q

What is F105 in DA transporters?

A

F105 is a phenylalanine residue which allows fo high affinity cocaine binding

28
Q

What would happen if there was a mutation in F105 of DA transporter

A

cocaine can no longer bind

29
Q

name the four drugs that act on the VTA

A

ethanol
nicotine
opiates
THC

30
Q

name the four drugs that act on the nucleus accumbens

A

cocaine
amphetamines
opiates
THC

31
Q

where does nicotine act directly and indirectly?

A
  • acts directly on DA
  • acts indirectly on glutamate (signalling onto DA neurons)
32
Q

what is the percentage chance genetically of inheriting addiction?

A

30-60%

33
Q

what is the orbitalfrontal cortex involved in?

A

descision making and controlled behaviour

34
Q

if someone suffers from addiction what would an image of the orbitalfronta cortex show?

A

decreased activity to someone not addicted

35
Q

what is 18F- Fluoromethylspiroperidol used for in a PET scan?

A

labels dopamine (D2) receptors in the brain

36
Q

what would be expected to be seen in a PET scan of a cocaine abuser if 18F is present?

A

low levels of D2 receptors

37
Q

why does cocaine abuse lead to decrease in D2 receptors?

A

Downregulation of D2 receptors (homeostatic adaptation)

38
Q

what is a long term side effect of cocaine abuse?

A

changes in gene expression via increase in DA leading to increase in cAMP therefore CREB and immediate early gene expression - altering levels of receptor expression

39
Q

what does ethanol cause in the mesolimbic pathway?

A

increase in DA

40
Q

what variations of genes are associated with addiction?

A

ALDH2
D2
OPRM1

41
Q

what is ALDH2 gene responsible for?

A

metabolising alcohol - catalyses the breakdown of aldehyde acetic acid

42
Q

name and describe a sympathomimetic amine

A

Amphetamine
a stimulant which mimics the effects of endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system

43
Q

describe AMPH mechanism of action

A

extracellular binding to DA transporter = transporter to be reversed and pump out DA and pump AMPH into the presynap terminal = increase in conc of DA in synaptic cleft

Neuropharmacology (7 decks)

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