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Assessments > Psychometrics Introduction > Flashcards

Psychometrics Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Psychometrics

A

Is the science concerned with evaluating the attributes of psychological tests.

  1. The type of info (scores) generated by the use of psychological tests
  2. The reliability of data from psychological tests, and
  3. Issues concerning the validity of data obtained from psychological tests.
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2
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Simple measures of a distribution’s central tendency and variability.

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3
Q

Nominal Scale

A

Measurements that assigns labels that do not suggest quantity.

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4
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

Measurement that assigns only rank order to outcomes.

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5
Q

Interval Scale

A

Measurement that assigns values presenting equal distances between points but that does not allow for proportional comparisons.

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6
Q

Ratio Scale

A

Measurement that allows for proportional comparison and a meaningful zero.

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7
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Measures of central tendency represented as the mean, median or mode.

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8
Q

Mean

A

The sum of all the scores in a distribution divided by the number of observations.

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9
Q

Median

A

The score at which 50% of the scores in a distribution fall above it and 50% fall below it.

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10
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score

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11
Q

Measure of Dispersion

A

Measures of dispersion measure how spread out a set of data is. The range, the variance or the standard deviation.

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12
Q

Scales of Measurement

A
  1. Nominal
  2. Ordinal
  3. Interval
  4. Ratio
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13
Q

Range

A

The distance between the highest and the lowest score in a distribution

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14
Q

Variance

A

A measure of the degree of dispersion (distribution) or variability in a distribution of scores. The variance is the standard deviation squared. (S2)

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15
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Average distance of each score in a distribution from the mean.

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16
Q

Normal Curve

A

Bell shaped curve which is a very common type of distribution of scores. The middle is 0.

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17
Q

Correlations

A

Tells us about the degree of association or co-relationship between two variables, including the strength and the direction of their relationship.

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18
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

An index of the strength of a relationship between two variables; it ranges in value from +1.00 to -1.00 and can be positive or negative.

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19
Q

Pearson Correlation

A

Is a measure of the linear correlation (dependence) between two variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive, where 1 is total positive correlation, 0 is no correlation, and −1 is total negative correlation.

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20
Q

Coefficient of Determination

A

The squared correlation coefficient, which indicates the amount of variance in one variable that is accounted for by the other.

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21
Q

Regression Equation

A

The correlation coefficient, together with other info can be used to construct the best possible linear equation for predicting the score on one variable when the score on another variable is known.

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22
Q

Standard Error of Estimate

A

The standard error of the estimate is a measure of the accuracy of predictions.

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23
Q

Multiple Correlation

A

Is a statistical technique for determining the relationship between one variable and several others.

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24
Q

Norm-Referenced Measurement

A

An examinee’s performance is compared with the performance of a specific group of subjects. A norm provides an indication of average or typical performance of the specified group.

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25
Q

Derived Scores

A

The major types of derived scores used in norm-referenced testing are age and grade equivalent scores, ratio IQ’s, percentile ranks, and stanines

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26
Q

Age Equivalent Score

A

An age equivalent is a comparison of your child’s performance compared to age groups whose average scores are in the same range. For example, if your 9 year old child scores a 42 raw score on a test, and that score is average for 8 year olds, his age equivalent score would be 8.

27
Q

Grade Equivalent Score

A

Refers to the level of performance of an average student at that grade level.

28
Q

Mental Age

A

A person’s mental ability expressed as the age at which an average person reaches the same ability.

29
Q

Test Age

A

No Explanation

30
Q

Ratio Intelligent Quotients (IQ)

A

The IQ was originally calculated using the ratio of a person’s “mental age” (as measured by a standardized test) and chronological age. An IQ between 90 and 110 is considered average; over 120, superior.

31
Q

Percentile Rank

A

Are derived scores that permit us to determine an individual position relative to the standardization sample. A percentile rank is a point in a distribution at or below which the scores of a given percentage of individuals fall in.

32
Q

Standard Score

A

Are raw scores that have been transformed to have a given mean and standard deviation. They express how far an examinee’s score lies from the mean of the distribution in terms of the standard deviation.

33
Q

Z-Score

A

A standard score based on a distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

34
Q

T-Score

A

A measurement expressed in standard deviation units from a given mean. It is a standard score based on a distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

35
Q

Deviation IQ

A

Haas a man of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 or 16 depending on the test used.

36
Q

Stanines

A

Provide a single digit scoring system with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2.

37
Q

Statistical Significance

A

The extent to which the findings differ from chance occurrence.

38
Q

Reliability

A

Refers to the consistency of measurements.

39
Q

True Score

A

The actual score for someone on some teset

40
Q

Error Score

A

The part of an individual’s observed score that is attributable to method or trait variance or error.

41
Q

Reliability Coefficient

A

Expresses the degree of consistency in the measurement of test scores.

42
Q

Test-Retest Stability

A

Is an index of stability. Same test on two different occasions.

43
Q

Alternative Form Reliability

A

Is obtained by administering two equivalent tests to the same group of examinee’s.

44
Q

Internal Consistency Reliability

A

Is based on the scores obtained during one test administration.

45
Q

Split-Half Reliability

A

One way is to divide the test into two equivalent halves (split test reliability). This creates two forms of the test.

46
Q

Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha

A

Is a general reliability coefficient that can be used for different scoring systems, is based on the variance of the test scores and the variance of the items scores. The coefficient reflects the extent to which items measure the same characteristic.

47
Q

Kuder-Richardson Formula

A

Is a special case of coefficient alpha, is useful for tests that are scored pass/fail. It is obtained by calculating the proportion of people who pass and fail each item and the variance of the test scores.

48
Q

Standard Error of Measurement

A

Is an estimate of the amount of error usually attached to an examinee’s obtained score. It is directly related to the reliability of a test: the larger the standard error of measurement, the lower the reliability, conversely the smaller the standard error of measurement, the higher the reliability.

49
Q

Confidence Interval

A

A range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that the value of a parameter lies within it.

50
Q

Validity

A

Refers to the extent to which a test measure what it is supposed to measure, and therefore the appropriateness with which inferences can be made on the basis of the test results.

51
Q

Content Validity

A

Refers to whether the items on a test are representative of the domain that the test purports to measure.

52
Q

Face Validity

A

Refers to what the test appears to measure, not what it actually does measure

53
Q

Criterion-Related Validity

A

Refers to the relationship between test scores and some type of criterion or outcomes, such as ratings, classification or other test scores. How well a test estimates or predicts performance outside of the testing situation.

54
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

Refers to whether test scores are related to some currently available criterion measure. (Present Performance)

55
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Refers to the correlation between test scores and performance on a relevant criterion where there is a time interval between the test administration and performance on the criterion. (Future performance)

56
Q

Construct Validity

A

Refers to the extent to which a test measures a psychological construct or trait.

57
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Is a mathematical procedure used to analyze the inter-correlations of a group of test (or other variables) that have been administered to a large number of individuals.

58
Q

Factor Loadings

A

Are correlations between factors and tests. The loadings indicate the weight of each factor in determining performance on each test.

59
Q

General Factor

A

A general factor is found in cases where all subtests have a considerable amount of overlap, such as in an intelligence test.

60
Q

Group Factors

A

The factors resulting from the rotation

61
Q

Specific Factor Variance

A

The variance present in one test but not in the other tests under study.

62
Q

Communality

A

Refers to the part of the total variance that can be attributed to common factors.

63
Q

Specificity

A

Refers to that part of the total variance that is due to factors that are specific to the particular test and not to measurement error or common factors.

64
Q

Error Variance

A

Refers to that part of the total variance that remains when the reliability of the test is subtracted from the total variance.

Assessments (8 decks)

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