Psychology Unit test Flashcards
Who was Phineas Gage and what did he teach us in what year
- First patient from whom we learned something about the relation between personality and the function of the front parts of the brain.
- 1848
- survived a traumatic brain injury caused by an iron rod that shot through his skull and obliterated the greater part of the left frontal lobe of his brain.
what does Psych mean
soul, or modern meaning- mind
What does logos mean
Reasoning or thinking
what is psychology
The scientific study of behavior and the mind
Who first found that people with brain injuries acted differently.
Hippocrates
What is Phrenology
determining a person’s personality and psychological characteristics by looking at the shape of the skull.
What did Wilhem Wundut do
German scientist set up lab to study aspects of the human mind. THIS WAS THE START OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY. He set experiments like -reaction time -attention span -sensation and perception
important- What is Structuralism
- Complex feelings and emotions were simply ‘structures’ built of simple feelings and emotions.
- Thoughts and complex feelings could therefore be ‘deconstructed’ through introspection.
who established first school of thought in psych
Edward B. Titchener (19th C)
who is the Father of American psychology
William James
what is functionalism- William James
- Feelings, emotions, thoughts allow people to function in the world.
- Examined concepts like self-knowledge and self-esteem.
did structuralism and functionalism last
no
what did Hermann Rorschach find
established the Rorschach test, to diagnose elements of personality or emotional states.
What is cognitive Psychology
studies mental processes
Cognitive Psychology
The study of mental processes and their influence on how humans feel, think, and behave.
What is humanistic phycology
focuses on individuals free will
What studies the unconscious mind
psychoanalysis
what is behaviourism
Focuses on observable behaviour
What is cognitive bias
A cognitive bias is an error in thinking that occurs while processing information.
ex: - before event i think Laura might win but i’m not sure
- after even I knew luna was going to win i was certain
What is an example of cognitive bias
Hindsight Bias
What is the triune brain made of
Reptilian brain- instinctual or dinosaur brain
Limbic Brain- Emotional or felling brain
Neocortex- rational or thinking brain
What is limbic system
(Paleomammalian complex)
- Emotional and instinctual responses.
- Sense of fear, concern, “safety first”. Also, attachments, habits.
Which part of Triune brain is responsible for higher order cognition and reasoning?
Neo Cortex
Neomammalian complex
What system is the amygdala and hippocampus apart of
Limbic system
What is Wernickes area?
The brain’s speech comprehension centre.
What is Broca’s area
The brain’s speech production centre.
What can occure if thier is damage to Wernickes or Broca’s area
Aphasia (language impairment) can occur if damage is done to either of these areas.
What is Behaviorism
a psychological school of thought based on the idea that an individual’s behavior can be controlled by changing environmental conditions (establishment of stimulus).
What did Ivan Pavlov do
Experimented on dogs – trying to elicit reactions based on new stimuli (Classical Conditioning).
What is classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a formerly neutral stimulus becomes paired with a reaction to a separate stimulus.
What is Unconditioned stimulus
something that naturally causes a reaction- eg.food
Unconditioned Response
naturally occurring behavior/reaction
(e.g. salivation)
Who discovered operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
What is operant conditioning
Operant Conditioning: learning where behavior is determined by consequence (positive or negative)
- reward reinforces desired behavior - punishment discourages undesired behavio
Difference between Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it.
Operant Conditioning
Behavior is determined by anticipation of what FOLLOWS it.
Voluntary
What is Neckers cube
Necker Cube - ambiguous drawing that challenges the brain’s ability to perceive.
What is Reductionism
Reductionism: Cognitive scientists see the brain as similar to a computer; even complex behavior can be reduced to more simple cognitive processes.
What is attentional blindness:
when you miss something significant as a result of focused attention on something else.
Difference between punishment and reinforcement
Reinforcement- behaviour increase
Punishment- behaviour decrease.
What is Social cognitive theory
An individual’s motivation, environment, and personality should be taken into account in explaining behavior.
Who designed Bobo Doll Experiment
Bandura - Canadian psychologist
What did Bandura wonder
why similar stimuli can result in different behaviours.
A mental framework for people, objects, places, etc. They help to organise information and to judge new experiences.
Cognitive Schema
Bundura noted that learning requiers… list 4 options
Attention
Memory
Imitation - an (at least potential) ability to repeat what has been learned
Motivation - a sincere interest in learning
What Bias is the curse of knowledge
Knowledge Bias
What is Explicit memory
Conscious memory that is easily recalled.
What are Episodic and semantic in Explicit memory.
Episodic: Events and experiences.
Semantic: Factual information, general knowledge.
What is IMPLICIT MEMORY
Unconscious memory that helps you operate in the world
Explain 3 stages of memmory in order
- Sensory: brief storage of sensory information-less than one second
- Short term: sensory information that is in use, ideas/information- few seconds
- Long term memmory: relavent information used/stored- days weeks, months
What is false memmory
False memory: a memory in the mind that is a fabrication from outside influence.
What is DSM
publication of common language and criteria for mental disorders
What does DSM stand for
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
What is Social Comparison Theory
Humans tend to compare themselves to others. We derive our sense of worth and well-being from this process.
What did Abraham Maslow do
-Studies those that were well, and had achieved significant succsess.
He then developed the notion of self-actualization
What is self-actualization
reaching one’s full potential, which happens after other physical and psychological needs are met.
What is Logotherapy
proposes that humans are motivated by a need for meaning.
-Humans also have free will meaning you can choose how you respond to a situation – you have the power to shape your own life
What is Freudian Slip
an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.
-Typical examples include an individual calling their spouse by an ex’s name
What does psychoanalytic theory of personality argue
Sigmund Freud ‘s psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.
What is id
the instintual part of the mind that responds immideatly to wants and desieres.
-seeking pleasure, avoiding pain
What is ego
The desion making part of the brain
-seeks pleasure but uses logic and reason to do so.
Tries to get unrealistic id to cooperate in society bound by laws.
What is superego
Voice that incorprates morals and values which are learned. It tries to persuae the id and ego to turn to moral goals rather than seeking pleasure.
what was Phillip Zimbardo (Prison Experiment)
study in which college students became prisoners or guards in a simulated prison environment, It was intended to measure the effect of role-playing, labeling, and social expectations on behaviour over a period of two weeks. However, mistreatment of prisoners escalated so alarmingly that principal investigator Philip G. Zimbardo terminated the experiment after only six days.
