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Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology > Psychology Unit test > Flashcards

Psychology Unit test Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Phineas Gage and what did he teach us in what year

A
  • First patient from whom we learned something about the relation between personality and the function of the front parts of the brain.
  • 1848
  • survived a traumatic brain injury caused by an iron rod that shot through his skull and obliterated the greater part of the left frontal lobe of his brain.
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2
Q

what does Psych mean

A

soul, or modern meaning- mind

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3
Q

What does logos mean

A

Reasoning or thinking

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4
Q

what is psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and the mind

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5
Q

Who first found that people with brain injuries acted differently.

A

Hippocrates

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6
Q

What is Phrenology

A

determining a person’s personality and psychological characteristics by looking at the shape of the skull.

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7
Q

What did Wilhem Wundut do

A 
German scientist set up lab to study aspects of the human mind. THIS WAS THE START OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY.
He set experiments like
-reaction time
-attention span
-sensation and perception
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8
Q

important- What is Structuralism

A
  • Complex feelings and emotions were simply ‘structures’ built of simple feelings and emotions.
  • Thoughts and complex feelings could therefore be ‘deconstructed’ through introspection.
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9
Q

who established first school of thought in psych

A

Edward B. Titchener (19th C)

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10
Q

who is the Father of American psychology

A

William James

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11
Q

what is functionalism- William James

A
  • Feelings, emotions, thoughts allow people to function in the world.
  • Examined concepts like self-knowledge and self-esteem.
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12
Q

did structuralism and functionalism last

A

no

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13
Q

what did Hermann Rorschach find

A

established the Rorschach test, to diagnose elements of personality or emotional states.

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14
Q

What is cognitive Psychology

A

studies mental processes
Cognitive Psychology
The study of mental processes and their influence on how humans feel, think, and behave.

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15
Q

What is humanistic phycology

A

focuses on individuals free will

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16
Q

What studies the unconscious mind

A

psychoanalysis

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17
Q

what is behaviourism

A

Focuses on observable behaviour

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18
Q

What is cognitive bias

A

A cognitive bias is an error in thinking that occurs while processing information.

ex: - before event i think Laura might win but i’m not sure
- after even I knew luna was going to win i was certain

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19
Q

What is an example of cognitive bias

A

Hindsight Bias

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20
Q

What is the triune brain made of

A

Reptilian brain- instinctual or dinosaur brain
Limbic Brain- Emotional or felling brain
Neocortex- rational or thinking brain

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21
Q

What is limbic system

A

(Paleomammalian complex)

  • Emotional and instinctual responses.
  • Sense of fear, concern, “safety first”. Also, attachments, habits.
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22
Q

Which part of Triune brain is responsible for higher order cognition and reasoning?

A

Neo Cortex

Neomammalian complex

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23
Q

What system is the amygdala and hippocampus apart of

A

Limbic system

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24
Q

What is Wernickes area?

A

The brain’s speech comprehension centre.

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25
Q

What is Broca’s area

A

The brain’s speech production centre.

26
Q

What can occure if thier is damage to Wernickes or Broca’s area

A

Aphasia (language impairment) can occur if damage is done to either of these areas.

27
Q

What is Behaviorism

A

a psychological school of thought based on the idea that an individual’s behavior can be controlled by changing environmental conditions (establishment of stimulus).

28
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov do

A

Experimented on dogs – trying to elicit reactions based on new stimuli (Classical Conditioning).

29
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which a formerly neutral stimulus becomes paired with a reaction to a separate stimulus.

30
Q

What is Unconditioned stimulus

A

something that naturally causes a reaction- eg.food

31
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

naturally occurring behavior/reaction

(e.g. salivation)

32
Q

Who discovered operant conditioning?

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

33
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Operant Conditioning: learning where behavior is determined by consequence (positive or negative)

- reward reinforces desired behavior
- punishment discourages undesired behavio
34
Q

Difference between Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

A

Classical Conditioning
Behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it.

Operant Conditioning
Behavior is determined by anticipation of what FOLLOWS it.
Voluntary

35
Q

What is Neckers cube

A

Necker Cube - ambiguous drawing that challenges the brain’s ability to perceive.

36
Q

What is Reductionism

A

Reductionism: Cognitive scientists see the brain as similar to a computer; even complex behavior can be reduced to more simple cognitive processes.

37
Q

What is attentional blindness:

A

when you miss something significant as a result of focused attention on something else.

38
Q

Difference between punishment and reinforcement

A

Reinforcement- behaviour increase

Punishment- behaviour decrease.

39
Q

What is Social cognitive theory

A

An individual’s motivation, environment, and personality should be taken into account in explaining behavior.

40
Q

Who designed Bobo Doll Experiment

A

Bandura - Canadian psychologist

41
Q

What did Bandura wonder

A

why similar stimuli can result in different behaviours.

42
Q

A mental framework for people, objects, places, etc. They help to organise information and to judge new experiences.

A

Cognitive Schema

43
Q

Bundura noted that learning requiers… list 4 options

A

Attention
Memory
Imitation - an (at least potential) ability to repeat what has been learned
Motivation - a sincere interest in learning

44
Q

What Bias is the curse of knowledge

A

Knowledge Bias

45
Q

What is Explicit memory

A

Conscious memory that is easily recalled.

46
Q

What are Episodic and semantic in Explicit memory.

A

Episodic: Events and experiences.
Semantic: Factual information, general knowledge.

47
Q

What is IMPLICIT MEMORY

A

Unconscious memory that helps you operate in the world

48
Q

Explain 3 stages of memmory in order

A
  1. Sensory: brief storage of sensory information-less than one second
  2. Short term: sensory information that is in use, ideas/information- few seconds
  3. Long term memmory: relavent information used/stored- days weeks, months
49
Q

What is false memmory

A

False memory: a memory in the mind that is a fabrication from outside influence.

50
Q

What is DSM

A

publication of common language and criteria for mental disorders

51
Q

What does DSM stand for

A

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

52
Q

What is Social Comparison Theory

A

Humans tend to compare themselves to others. We derive our sense of worth and well-being from this process.

53
Q

What did Abraham Maslow do

A

-Studies those that were well, and had achieved significant succsess.
He then developed the notion of self-actualization

54
Q

What is self-actualization

A

reaching one’s full potential, which happens after other physical and psychological needs are met.

55
Q

What is Logotherapy

A

proposes that humans are motivated by a need for meaning.
-Humans also have free will meaning you can choose how you respond to a situation – you have the power to shape your own life

56
Q

What is Freudian Slip

A

an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.
-Typical examples include an individual calling their spouse by an ex’s name

57
Q

What does psychoanalytic theory of personality argue

A

Sigmund Freud ‘s psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.

58
Q

What is id

A

the instintual part of the mind that responds immideatly to wants and desieres.
-seeking pleasure, avoiding pain

59
Q

What is ego

A

The desion making part of the brain
-seeks pleasure but uses logic and reason to do so.
Tries to get unrealistic id to cooperate in society bound by laws.

60
Q

What is superego

A

Voice that incorprates morals and values which are learned. It tries to persuae the id and ego to turn to moral goals rather than seeking pleasure.

61
Q

what was Phillip Zimbardo (Prison Experiment)

A

study in which college students became prisoners or guards in a simulated prison environment, It was intended to measure the effect of role-playing, labeling, and social expectations on behaviour over a period of two weeks. However, mistreatment of prisoners escalated so alarmingly that principal investigator Philip G. Zimbardo terminated the experiment after only six days.

Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology (6 decks)

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