Psychology Unit 2 (Chap 4-6)

Question 1

Sigmund Freud

Answer 1

Created the school of thought: Psychoanalysis, a personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in determining behavior and personality.

Question 2

Ernest Hilgard

Answer 2

famous American psychologist, worked in the field of hypnosis

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

functionalism - Wrote Principles of Psychology which discussed many topics such as brain function, habit, memory, and sensation, perception, and emotion. Created functionalism, studying the purpose, or functions of behavior and mental experiences

Question 4

Ernest Hilgard

Question 5

Freud’s fulfillment theory

Answer 5

dreams are a form of “wish fulfillment”. They represent the unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations that our conscious mind represses.

Question 6

Consciousness

Answer 6

personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and external environment

Question 7

Attention

Answer 7

capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in external environment, internal thoughts, or sensations

Question 8

Attention is

Answer 8

selective, be blind, and has a limited capacity

Question 9

Circadian rhythm

Answer 9

roughly 24 hour long cycle of fluctuations in biological and psychological process

Question 10

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Answer 10

instrument that uses electrodes on the scalp measure and record the brain’s electrical activity

Question 11

REM sleep

Answer 11

rapid eye movement sleep (REM), type of sleep where REM and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscles activity is suppressed

Question 12

NREM Sleep

Answer 12

Non-rapid eye movement, quiet, dreamless sleep, rapid eye movement is absent

Question 13

Beta brain waves

Answer 13

brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness

Question 14

Alpha brain waves

Answer 14

brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness, drowsiness

Question 15

Sleep paralysis

Answer 15

temporary condition where a person can’t move when they wake up during sleep

Question 16

Dream

Answer 16

unfolding sequences of thoughts perceptions and emotions that occur in REM sleep

Question 17

Nightmare

Answer 17

unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during the REM sleep

Question 18

Activation-synthesis model of dreaming

Answer 18

Theory that explains why we dream, brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation) which mixes with the brain into a dream story (synthesis)

Question 19

Neurocognitive model of dreaming

Answer 19

emphasizes the continuity between waking and dreaming cognition

Question 20

Sleep disorder

Answer 20

serious and consistent sleep disturbance that interferes with a person’s sleep cycle

Question 21

Sleep Stage

Answer 21

Beta brain waves (awake), Alpha waves, Stage 1: NREM sleep, Stage 2: NREM sleep, sleep spindles, k complex, Stage 3: NREM sleep, Delta brain waves, REM sleep

Question 22

Insomnia

Answer 22

a sleep condition where a person is unable to sleep or fall asleep

Question 23

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Answer 23

sleep disorder where a person stops breathing during their sleep

Question 24

Narcolepsy

Answer 24

sleep disorder where a person will randomly fall asleep anywhere

Question 25

Parasomnias

Answer 25

category of sleep disorders characterized by undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions

Question 26

Sleep terrors

Answer 26

sleep disturbances where a person has an episode of panic, scary hallucinations, physiological arousal, can’t remember episode afterwards

Question 27

Sleepwalking

Answer 27

Sleep disturbance categorized by a person moving during stage 3 NREM sleep

Question 28

Hypnosis

Answer 28

cooperative social interaction where the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist suggestions that changes memory, perceptions, thoughts, and behavior

Question 29

Posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 29

specific instructions given out during hypnosis to a person under hypnosis

Question 30

Dissociation

Answer 30

splitting consciousness into 2 or more simultaneous streams of mental activity

Question 31

Learning

Answer 31

process that produces enduring change in a person's knowledge or behavior due to their past experience

Question 32

Conditioning

Answer 32

process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

Question 33

Classical conditioning

Answer 33

learning process, involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

Question 34

UCS unconditioned stimulus

Answer 34

Natural stimulus, reflexively elicits response without the need for prior learning

Question 35

UCR unconditioned response

Answer 35

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 36

CS conditioned stimulus

Answer 36

formally neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response

Question 37

CR conditioned response

Answer 37

learned, reflexive response to a previously neutral response

Question 38

Stimulus generalization

Answer 38

occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to the other, similar stimulus as well

Question 39

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 39

occurance of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimulus

Question 40

Higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

Answer 40

procedure where a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial

Question 41

Extinction (as its known in classical conditioning)

Answer 41

gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior

Question 42

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 42

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 43

Placebo response

Answer 43

a person's psychological and physiological response to a fake drug or treatment

Question 44

Behaviorism

Answer 44

school of psychology, emphasizes the study of observable behavior, especially behavior as they pertain to the process of learning

Question 45

Taste aversion

Answer 45

a dislike for a certain food after a person got previously sick from eating it

Question 46

Biological preparedness

Answer 46

Idea that an organism is already innately predisposed to form assumptions between certain stimuli and responses

Question 47

Law of effect

Answer 47

responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthened but responses followed by dissatisfying effects are weakened