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Psychology > Psychology Unit 2 (Chap 4-6) > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 2 (Chap 4-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Created the school of thought: Psychoanalysis, a personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in determining behavior and personality.

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2
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

famous American psychologist, worked in the field of hypnosis

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3
Q

William James

A

functionalism - Wrote Principles of Psychology which discussed many topics such as brain function, habit, memory, and sensation, perception, and emotion. Created functionalism, studying the purpose, or functions of behavior and mental experiences

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4
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A
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5
Q

Freud’s fulfillment theory

A

dreams are a form of “wish fulfillment”. They represent the unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations that our conscious mind represses.

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6
Q

Consciousness

A

personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and external environment

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7
Q

Attention

A

capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in external environment, internal thoughts, or sensations

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8
Q

Attention is

A

selective, be blind, and has a limited capacity

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9
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

roughly 24 hour long cycle of fluctuations in biological and psychological process

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10
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

instrument that uses electrodes on the scalp measure and record the brain’s electrical activity

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11
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep (REM), type of sleep where REM and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscles activity is suppressed

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12
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Non-rapid eye movement, quiet, dreamless sleep, rapid eye movement is absent

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13
Q

Beta brain waves

A

brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness

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14
Q

Alpha brain waves

A

brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness, drowsiness

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15
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

temporary condition where a person can’t move when they wake up during sleep

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16
Q

Dream

A

unfolding sequences of thoughts perceptions and emotions that occur in REM sleep

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17
Q

Nightmare

A

unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during the REM sleep

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18
Q

Activation-synthesis model of dreaming

A

Theory that explains why we dream, brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation) which mixes with the brain into a dream story (synthesis)

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19
Q

Neurocognitive model of dreaming

A

emphasizes the continuity between waking and dreaming cognition

20
Q

Sleep disorder

A

serious and consistent sleep disturbance that interferes with a person’s sleep cycle

21
Q

Sleep Stage

A

Beta brain waves (awake), Alpha waves, Stage 1: NREM sleep, Stage 2: NREM sleep, sleep spindles, k complex, Stage 3: NREM sleep, Delta brain waves, REM sleep

22
Q

Insomnia

A

a sleep condition where a person is unable to sleep or fall asleep

23
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

A

sleep disorder where a person stops breathing during their sleep

24
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder where a person will randomly fall asleep anywhere

25
Q

Parasomnias

A

category of sleep disorders characterized by undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions

26
Q

Sleep terrors

A

sleep disturbances where a person has an episode of panic, scary hallucinations, physiological arousal, can’t remember episode afterwards

27
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Sleep disturbance categorized by a person moving during stage 3 NREM sleep

28
Q

Hypnosis

A

cooperative social interaction where the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist suggestions that changes memory, perceptions, thoughts, and behavior

29
Q

Posthypnotic suggestion

A

specific instructions given out during hypnosis to a person under hypnosis

30
Q

Dissociation

A

splitting consciousness into 2 or more simultaneous streams of mental activity

31
Q

Learning

A

process that produces enduring change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to their past experience

32
Q

Conditioning

A

process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

33
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning process, involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

34
Q

UCS unconditioned stimulus

A

Natural stimulus, reflexively elicits response without the need for prior learning

35
Q

UCR unconditioned response

A

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

36
Q

CS conditioned stimulus

A

formally neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response

37
Q

CR conditioned response

A

learned, reflexive response to a previously neutral response

38
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to the other, similar stimulus as well

39
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

occurance of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimulus

40
Q

Higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning)

A

procedure where a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial

41
Q

Extinction (as its known in classical conditioning)

A

gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior

42
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus

43
Q

Placebo response

A

a person’s psychological and physiological response to a fake drug or treatment

44
Q

Behaviorism

A

school of psychology, emphasizes the study of observable behavior, especially behavior as they pertain to the process of learning

45
Q

Taste aversion

A

a dislike for a certain food after a person got previously sick from eating it

46
Q

Biological preparedness

A

Idea that an organism is already innately predisposed to form assumptions between certain stimuli and responses

47
Q

Law of effect

A

responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthened but responses followed by dissatisfying effects are weakened

Psychology (2 decks)

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