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Psychology > Psychology Unit 1 (Chap 1-3) > Flashcards

Psychology Unit 1 (Chap 1-3) Flashcards

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1
Q

The Biological Perspective

A

Studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics

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2
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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3
Q

The Psychodynamic Perspective

A

emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems

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4
Q

The Behavioral Perspective

A

Study how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes, focus on the observable behaviors and the fundamentals laws of learning, human behavior shaped and maintained by external causes

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5
Q

The Humanistic Perspective

A

focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person’s self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one’s potential. Most emphasized by psychologists working in the mental health field

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6
Q

The Positive Psychology Perspective

A

emphasis on psychological growth and human potential contributed to the recent emergence of a new perspective

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7
Q

Positive Psychology

A

field of psychological research and theory focusing on the study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits and social environments that foster those qualities.

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8
Q

The Cognitive Perspective

A

focused on the role of mental processes, how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems and think.

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9
Q

The Cross-Cultural Perspective

A

how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior

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10
Q

The Evolutionary Perspective

A

the application of the principles of evolutions to explain psychological processes and phenomena, believe psychological processes are also subject to the principle of natural selection

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11
Q

Psychiatry

A

medical specialty, focused on diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of mental and behavioral disorders

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12
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

trained in diagnosis, treatment, causes, and prevention of psychological disorders

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13
Q

William Wundt

A

Founder of Psychology, outlined connections between psychology and physiology, wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology, Used scientific method to study fundamental psychological processes. Argued the psychology should be established as a separate scientific discipline

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14
Q

Edward B. Titchener

A

structuralism - One of Wundt’s students, developed his own major school of thought called structuralism (Our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures of sensations and feelings. His death marked the end of structuralism,

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15
Q

William James

A

functionalism - Wrote Principles of Psychology which discussed many topics such as brain function, habit, memory, and sensation, perception, and emotion. Created functionalism, studying the purpose, or functions of behavior and mental experiences

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16
Q

Charles Darwin

A

wrote On the Origin of Species which gathered evidence from different scientific fields to provide a compelling account of evolutions throughout natural selection

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17
Q

Robert V. Guthrie

A

A Black American psychologist, wrote a book called Even the Rat Was White, highlighted important contributions by early Black American psychologists and described significant obstacles they faced.

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18
Q

Pauline Elizabeth Scarborough

A

Russian-born American psychologist, championed the inclusion on women in U.S psychology, she explored women’s changing social status affected the field of psychology

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19
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Received the first Ph.D in psychology awarded in the U.S at Johns Hopkins University, 1883. Founded the American Psychological Association, elected the first president.

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20
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

Taught experimental psychology at new women’s collage (Wellesley Collage), completed requirements for a Ph.D in psychology but Harvard did not give it to her because she was a woman. Made notable contributions to psychology, did research in dreams, memory, and personality. Elected president of APA, first female president

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21
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman to earn an official Ph.D in psychology, student of Titchener. First doctoral student at Cornell University, advocated for the scientific study of the mental process of different animal species, published The Animal Mind, focused on sensation, perception, learning in animal species

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22
Q

Francis C. Sumner

A

First Black American psychologist to receive a Ph.D in psychology

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23
Q

Kenneth Bancroft Clark

A

One of Summer’s students, conducted research on the negative effects of racial discrimination, their work helped the supreme court to end segregation in schools, first Black American president of the APA

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24
Q

Mamie Phipps Clark

A

Wife of Kenneth, worked with him on research projects

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25
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Created the school of thought: Psychoanalysis, a personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in determining behavior and personality.

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26
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Behaviorism: emphasized the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning, rejected emphasis on consciousness, studied on dogs to test observable behaviors, believed he discovered the mechanism of which all behaviors were learned

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27
Q

John B. Watson

A

shared Pavlov enthusiasm. But opposed to both it’s method of introspection and it’s focus on conscious mental processes, wrote Behaviorism
The goal of behaviorists was to discover the fundamental principles of learning, how behavior is modified in response to environmental influences

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28
Q

B.F Skinner

A

believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying outwardly behaviors that could be measured and verified

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29
Q

Carl Rogers

A

founded Humanistic Psychology: empathized each person’s unique potential for psychological growth and self direction, emphasized self-determination, free will

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30
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

another advocate of humanistic psychology, developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth

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31
Q

The Scientific Method

A

a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researches in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence, and in drawing conclusions

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32
Q

Descriptive Research

A

aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon

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33
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

research strategy that tracks a particular variable or set of variables in the same group of participants over time, long

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34
Q

Cross-sectional Design

A

a research strategy for study a variable or set of variables among a group of participants at a single point in time

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35
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as the occur in their natural settings

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36
Q

Experimental Design

A

a method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in an other factor

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37
Q

Random Assignment

A

process of assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all the participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups in the study

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38
Q

Hypothesis

A

a tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables

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39
Q

Variable

A

a factor that can vary, or change, in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified

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40
Q

Operational Definition

A

a precise description of how the variable in a study will be measured, manipulated, or changed

41
Q

Independent Variable

A

a factor that is purposely manipulated to produce change

42
Q

Confounding Variables

A

extraneous variables that are not the focus of the experiment but could affect the outcome of an experiment

43
Q

Dependent Variable

A

a second factor, observed and measured for change in an experiment

44
Q

Experimental Group

A

group of participants exposed to the treatment condition

45
Q

Control Group

A

group exposed to the control condition of the independent variable

46
Q

Positive Correlation

A

a finding that two factors vary in the same direction, both increase or decrease together

47
Q

Negative Correlation

A

a finding in which the two variables move in opposite directions, one increasing, the other decreases

48
Q

Neurons

A

cells that are highly specialized to receive and transmit information from one part of the body to another

49
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

convert information on the environment such as light or sound, from specialized receptor cells in the sense organs to the brain

50
Q

Motor Neurons

A

communicates information to the muscles and glands of the body

51
Q

Interneuron

A

communicates information between neurons

52
Q

All or nothing response

A

if a single nerve fibre is stimulated, it will slates give a maximal response and produce an electrical impulse of a single amplitude

53
Q

Resting Potential

A

the state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate it’s message if it receives sufficient stimulation

54
Q

The Action Potential

A

a brief electrical impulse that transmits information along the axon of a neuron

55
Q

Midbrain

A

an important relay station that contains centers involved in the processing of auditory and visual sensory information

56
Q

Forebrain

A

the largest and most complex brain region, contains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes; also called the cerebrum

57
Q

Hindbrain

A

a region at the base of the brain containing several structures that regulate basic life functions

58
Q

Brainstem

A

a region of the brain made up of the hindbrain and the midbrain

59
Q

Medulla

A

The Brainstem (Hindbrain Structures)
a hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions, stuff you don’t have to think about

60
Q

Cerebellum

A

The Brainstem (Hindbrain Structures)
a large, two-sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain that is responsible for muscle coordination and equilibrium

61
Q

Pons

A

The Brainstem (Hindbrain Structures)
a hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum and helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body, information of other parts of the brain are relayed to the pons

62
Q

Reticular Formation

A

The Brainstem (Hindbrain Structures)
a network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention, arousal, and sleep

63
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The Brainstem (Midbrain Structures)
the wrinkled outer portion of the forebrain, contains the most sophisticated brain centers,

64
Q

The Limbic System

A

a group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and are involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory

65
Q

Hippocampus

A

a large forebrain structure that is part of the limbic system and embedded in the temporal lobe in each cerebral hemisphere, able to form new memories of events and information

66
Q

Thalamus

A

a rounded forebrain structure located within each cerebral hemisphere that processes sensory information, except smell. Processes and distributes motor/sensory information going to and from cerebral cortex

67
Q

Hypothalamus

A

located below thalamus, helps regulate pituitary glad, regulates both divisions of the autonomic nervous system, increasing and decreasing heart rate and blood pressure, regulate a variety of behaviors related to survival

68
Q

Amygdala

A

an almond-shaped cluster of neurons at the base of the temporal lobe, involved in a variety of emotional responses, brain’s “lookout”, looks at environment for anything relevant to your survival

69
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

the nearly symmetrical left and right halves of the cerebral cortex

70
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them

71
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

an area at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is the primary receiving area for visual information, includes primary visual cortex,

72
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

an area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex above the temporal lobe that processes the body’s sensations, includes touch, temperature, pressure, and information from muscles and joints

73
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

an area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, near the temples, that is the primary receiving area for auditory information, includes primary auditory cortex

74
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere; it process voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional control

75
Q

Sensation

A

the process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure

76
Q

Perception

A

the process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations

77
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time

78
Q

Difference Threshold

A

the smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time

79
Q

Transduction

A

process in which physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system

80
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

the gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus

81
Q

Gate-Control Theory of Pain

A

the theory that physiological and psychological factors cause spinal gates to open and relay to the brain patterns of stimulation that are perceived as pain

82
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from one wave peak to another

83
Q

Proprioception

A

the sense of body movement and position

84
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

emphasizes sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus; attention focuses on the parts of the pattern before moving to the whole

85
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

emphasizes the observer’s experience in arriving at meaningful perceptions; attention moves from the whole to part of the pattern

86
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

a school of psychology, humans don’t focus on separate components but instead tend to perceive objects as elements of more complex systems

87
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

German psychologist, founded gestalt psychology, early 1900s

88
Q

Kurt Kofka’s Theory

A

early learning is “sensorimotor learning,” which is a type of learning which occurs after a consequence

89
Q

Kohler’s Theory

A

a type of learning theory that suggests that the mind perceives sections of information as a whole

90
Q

Figure-Ground Relationship

A

Gestalt principle, a perception is automatically separated into the figure, which is the main element of the scene, and the ground, which is its background

91
Q

Depth Perception

A

the use of visual cues to perceive the distance or the tree-dimensional characteristics of an object

92
Q

Monocular Cues

A

distance or depth that can be processed by either eye alone

93
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

tendency to perceive objects, especially familiar objects, as constant and unchanging despite changes in sensory input

94
Q

Size Constancy

A

perception that an object is the same size despite its changing image on the retina

95
Q

Shape Constancy

A

perception that a familiar object is the same shape despite the image produces in our retinas

96
Q

Perceptual Illusion

A

misperception of the true characteristics of an object or an image

97
Q

Müller-Lyer Illusion

A

a famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical length of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward

98
Q

Moon Illusion

A

a visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger when it is on the horizon that when it is directly overhead

99
Q

Perceptual Set

A

tendency to perceive objects or situations from a particular frame of reference

Psychology (2 decks)

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