Psychology Unit 2

Question 1

psychodynamic theory

Answer 1

an approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings.

Question 2

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 2

Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life.

Question 3

unconscious

Answer 3

information processing in our mid that we are not aware of; according to Freud, it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, memories; according to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all.

Question 4

conscious

Answer 4

information that we are always aware of; our conscious mind preforms the thinking when we take in new information.

Question 5

ego

Answer 5

Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle.

Question 6

id

Answer 6

Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle.

Question 7

superego

Answer 7

Freud’s term for the moral centre of the mind.

Question 8

defence mechanism

Answer 8

the ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety.

Question 9

repression

Answer 9

A process in which unacceptable desires or impulses are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconsciousness.

Question 10

denial

Answer 10

A defence mechanism whereby a person refuses to recognize or acknowledge something that is painful.

Question 11

displacement

Answer 11

The shift on an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation.

Question 12

free association

Answer 12

A method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.

Question 13

projection

Answer 13

A defence mechanism whereby people attribute their own threatening impulses onto someone else.

Question 14

Neo-Freudians

Answer 14

Psychologists who modified Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects.

Question 15

neurotic disorder

Answer 15

A mental disorder involving anxiety and fear.

Question 16

analytical psychology

Answer 16

A branch of psychology founded by Carl Jung, based on the idea that balancing a person’s psyche would allow the person to reach his or her full potential.

Question 17

collective unconscious

Answer 17

The shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors.

Question 18

archetypes

Answer 18

universal symbols that tend to reappear over time; includes models of people, behaviours, and personalities.

Question 19

personality

Answer 19

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Question 20

unconditioned response

Answer 20

the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 21

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 21

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 22

conditioned stimulus

Answer 22

an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 23

conditioned response

Answer 23

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 24

classical conditioning

Answer 24

a type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus

Question 25

operant conditioning

Answer 25

a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behaviour

Question 26

extinction

Answer 26

in operant conditioning, the diminishing of a conditioned response due to a lack of reinforcement

Question 27

logo therapy

Answer 27

a form of psychotherapy that tries to help the patient find the aim and meaning of his or her own life as a human being without accessing the medical aspect of mental health.

Question 28

client-centerer therapy

Answer 28

a humanist therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the clients-plays an active role.

Question 29

cognition

Answer 29

the mental process in the brain associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering.

Question 30

fixation

Answer 30

the continued focus on an earlier stage of psychosocial development due to an unresolved conflict at the oral, anal, or phallic stage.

Question 31

identity crisis

Answer 31

a time in a teenager’s life filled with extreme self consiousness as he or she attempts to test and integrate various roles.

Question 32

self-actualization

Answer 32

reaching ones full potential, which occurs only after basic physical and psychological needs are met. Studied by Abraham Maslow.

Question 33

false memories

Answer 33

-German psychologist Gerald Echterhoff researched false memories created by observation -When people “remember” actions that they had watched, not done themselves -Watching activates a representation similar to one that would occur if the person completed the action themselves

Question 34

psychodynamic theorists

Answer 34

-Based on the belief of unlocking the unconscious mind to help understand human behaviour and relationships and that behaviour (personality, motivations, etc.) is influenced by early childhood. -Ex. Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Carl Jung.

Question 35

Behavioural Psychologists

Answer 35

-Based on the belief that psychologists need evidence obtained through experimentation (empirical) to understand and change behaviour. -Can be applied to individuals with poor mental health as well as a workplace and in education. -Ex at school, teachers break things down into steps and reward after each step. They can also use pos./neg. reinforcement to encourage good behaviour. -Ex. Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner.

Question 36

Humanist Psychologists

Answer 36

-Believe that the client should be involved in his or her own recovery, rather than relying on the therapist’s interpretation. -Rejects quantitative methodology like experiments for qualitative research like questionnaires, interviews and observations. -Has opened up a comfortable environment that has influenced education, therapy and the workplace greatly. -Ex. Abraham Maslow, Viktor Frankl, and Carl Rogers.

Question 37

Cognitive Psychologists

Answer 37

-The study and application of how the brain learns things. -Believe in and consider mental states, such as beliefs, motivations and desires.

Question 38

developmental psychologists

Answer 38

-Study how we change throughout our life and in different stages of our life. -Offer a variety of theories to help us understand what we can expect in the future and what has and is happening to us now. -Ex. Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual stages), Jean Piaget (stages of cognitive development), Erik Erikson (stages of psychosocial development)

Question 39

Sigmund Freud

Answer 39

-Psychoanalytical theory (all behaviour is influenced by childhood) -The ‘talking’ cure (couch) -Iceberg model -The divided self – conflict model (id, ego, superego) -Psychosexual stages theories of development -Oedipus complex (boys unconsciously admire their mothers and compete with their fathers to get it) -Castration anxiety (the fear of emasculation in both literal and metaphorical ways) -Penis envy (young girls go through a stage when they want what men have. Girls hold their mothers responsible for their lack of penis and don’t forgive her for it.)

Question 40

Karen Horney

Answer 40

-Development is life long, not fixed in childhood. -Repression is a rare response to trauma -Feminist Neo-Freudian - followed Freuds basic concepts of the mind but said that personality is not influenced by sexual conflicts in childhood and his theories did not accurately represent females. -Argued women were pushed by society and culture to depend on men for both love and status, since without a husband of child they had little value in society. -Re: penis envy – it is actually men who are adversely affected by their inability to bear children which is “womb envy”

Question 41

Carl Jung

Answer 41

-Founded analytical psychology -Believed we all have a personal unconscious but we all share a collective unconscious regardless of culture or race. -Dreams, symbols, visions etc. are all signs of the universe trying to tell us something about our ancestral past. -On personality: believed people were either intro/extroverts, along with once of the four functional types: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. -Archetypes are predispositions toward characters -Not all psychologists accept psychodynamic theories, but they have influenced humanist psychologists as well as educational psychology and our understanding of intelligence.

Question 42

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 42

-Did an experiment with dogs where he used a neutral stimulus (bell) and rung it when he gave food to the dogs. -At first the dogs just drooled at the food, then at the bell and the food, which are both unconditioned responses. After a while the dogs began to drool at just the bell, which is a conditioned stimulus. -This is classical conditioning. -Can be used is a variety of heath and well-being areas. Ex. Kids get scared to go to the doctors since they once received a shot there.

Question 43

BF Skinner

Answer 43

-Studied how the use of rewards and punishment can influence behaviour (through rats and pigeons) – this is operant conditioning. -Made a box where a rat was rewarded with food when it presses a bar, and the rat quickly learned that the reward for pushing the bar is food.

Question 44

Abraham Maslow

Answer 44

-One of the founders of humanist psychology. -Studied well people as opposed to sick people, and their self-actualization. -Hierarchy of needs (physiological needs like food – safety needs – belongingness and love needs like friends – esteem needs like confidence and accomplishment – self actualization) -Critiques: you have to move step by step, only included educated white males. -Had no scientific evidence but made other think about what happens when those needs are not met.

Question 45

Viktor Frankhl

Answer 45

-Theory grew from his experience in Auschwitz where conditions were poor and hopeless. -Observed his fellow prisoners behaviour and concluded that those who had something to hold onto lived, like loved ones, a project, etc. -Started logo therapy which aims at helping a patient find the meaning to their life. -This suggests that humans are motivated by a need for meaning and if they don’t have one they will feel empty and depressed.

Question 46

Carl Rogers

Answer 46

-One of the founders of humanist psychology. -Developed client-centered therapy. -Focuses on the present and the conscious rather than the past and unconscious. -Believed that people are good and have a need to self-actualize. -His client-centered therapy has become the basis of modern psychotherapy and helps clients improve their self-concert and negative behaviour.

Question 47

Albert Bandura

Answer 47

-Part of the cognitive revolution in psychology, moving away from behaviourist thought -Wondered why the same situation generated different responses from different people -Came up with social-cognitive theory, which takes motivation, environment, and behaviour into account which predicts and changes a persons behaviour -Believed people learned behaviour by watching and imitating

Question 48

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 48

-Studied false memories and flexibility and reliability of repressed memories -She believed that repressed memories rarely exist -Repressed memories can be created through the power of suggestion -There is research that suggests that there is truth behind false memories -Did a study where she planted false memories of being lost in a mall as a child where participants later claimed they remember this.

Question 49

Jean Piaget

Answer 49

-Influential in developmental as well as cognitive psychology. -His stages of cognitive development are applied to educational curriculum as well as used in the classroom. -Ex. High school kids are moving from the third to last stage so teachers include concrete techniques like graphs, charts, etc. then formal operational techniques like discussions, problem solving, etc.