Psychology - Types of attachment and looking at different cultures Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s used to asses type of attachment?

A

Strange situation

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2
Q

Who came up with the strange situation?

A

Ainsworth

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3
Q

When was Ainsworth’s research?

A

1970

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4
Q

Ainsworth

A

Used strange situation

Identified three broad types of attachments

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5
Q

3 types of attachment

A

Secure
Insecure- avoidant
Insecure-ambivalent

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6
Q

Method of the strange situation experiment

A

Mother and infant in room, mother reads magazine, baby left to play with toys
After 3 minutes stranger enters and talks with mother
Stranger approaches and tries to interact with the infant
Mother leaves room so stranger is alone with infant
Stranger offers to comfort baby
After around 3 minutes mother returns and stranger leaves
Mother leaves again and stranger returns just after offering to comfort baby
Mother returns and stranger leaves

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7
Q

Secure attachment in Ainsworth’s strange experiment

A

Used mother as safe base
Happy to explore room when mother was present
Distress and crying when mother left but easily comforted on return
Wary of stranger and treated them very differently to mother

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8
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment in Ainsworth’s strange experiment

A

Did not orient behaviour towards mother in same way
Showed only some stress when mother left
Didn’t seek comfort on mothers return
Rejected strangers attempts at comforting

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9
Q

Insecure-ambivalent attachment in Ainsworth’s strange experiment

A

Very upset when mother left
Not easily comforted on return - angry and rejected attempts
Alternated between seeking closeness and distance

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10
Q

Insecure-ambivalent attachment percentage in Ainsworth’s strange experiment

A

15% of infants

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11
Q

Secure attachment percentage in Ainsworth’s strange experiment

A

70% of inafants

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12
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment percentage in Ainsworth’s strange experiment

A

15% of infants

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13
Q

Evaluate strange situation ethical and methodologically (positives)

A

Easily replicated
Obtain a lot of information in a relatively short period of time
Many studies have found similar results
Mother returned early if infant showed extreme stress
While setting was unfamiliar to child, so would be a baby-sitters house of nursery

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14
Q

Evaluate strange situation ethical and methodologically (negatives)

A

Lots of stress for children and mothers during experiment

Attachment type results may cause some harm to mothers

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15
Q

Main and Solomon 1986

A

Added the disorganised attachment type

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16
Q

Who added the disorganised attachment and when?

A

Main and Solomon

1986

17
Q

Disorganised attachment type

A

Behaviour doesn’t fit into any of Ainsworth’s three categories
For example cried first time mother left, but not the second

18
Q

What did Ainsworth say was the explanation of different types of attachment?

A

Sensitivity of the mother

Those who could read infants moods and feelings and act accordingly more likely to have securely attached children

19
Q

When was Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta-analysis?

A

1988

20
Q

Spell the names of the people who did the all important meta-analysis of 1988

A

Van Ijzendoorn

Kroonenberg

21
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

Meta-analysis of 32 studies of strange situation in 8 different countries
Over 2000 infants involved in total (not important)

22
Q

Countries in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s meta-analysis

A
Great Britain
US
Sweden
Israel
West Germany
Japan
China
Netherlands
23
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg results (secure attachemnts)

A

Most common in all countries
Lowest proportion was China with 50%
Highest was GB and Sweden around 75%

24
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg results (insecure-avoidant attachemnts)

A

More common in West Germany than other Western countries

Very rare in Israel and Japan

25
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg results (insecure-abivalent attachemnts)

A

More common in Israel, China and Japan

Sweden had lowest rates

26
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg weird result and why

A

China
Had low secure attachment (50%)
Same levels for both insecure types (25% each)

27
Q

What else did they find apart from difference between cultures?

A

Differences between cultures
2 in Japan, one of which had no avoidant attachments
Intra-cultural variation was 1.5X greater than cross-cultural variation

28
Q

What does the huge intra-cultural variotion show?

A

We can’t assume that all children are brought up exactly the same in the same cultures

29
Q

Issues with Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

Over half the studies were carried out in the US
only 5 of the 32 studies were done in collectivist societies
Ethnocentric to assume strange situation best to be used to asses attachments in other cultures

30
Q

Belksy and Rovine

A

Argue that individual differences in attachment relates both to inborn temperament of baby and sensitivity of mother

31
Q

What year was Belksy and Rovine?

A

1987

32
Q

Temperament hypothesis of attachments

A

Attachment formed reflects temperament of infant rather than sensitivity of care-giver
If this is true infant should show same attachment to both parents
Fox (1991) found a strong relationship between attachment type to both parents, supporting this claim

33
Q

Who and when looked at relationships with both caregivers and why?

A

Fox
1991
To support temperament hypothesis that infant’s temperament affects attachment type