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Psychology > Psychology - Multi store memory > Flashcards

Psychology - Multi store memory Flashcards

1
Q

What year was Glanzer & Cunitz?

A

1966

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1
Q

What year was Glanzer & Cunitz?

A

1966

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2
Q

What studies show support for functional dissociation of LTM and STM

A

Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
Miller study of HM (1966)
Baddeley (1966)

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3
Q

When you can remember words at beginning of list

A

Primary effect

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4
Q

When you can remember words at end of list

A

Recency effect

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5
Q

Term used to describe recall effects

A

Serial position curve

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6
Q

Conditions of Glanzer and Cunitz

A

1) participants asked to recall words immediately after they were presented
2) participants given distractor task - had to count backwards in 3’s from a number for 30 seconds

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7
Q

Glanzer and Cunitz method

A

Gave participants a list of words presented one at a time

Tested their recall according to one of two conditions

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8
Q

Type of recall Glanzer and Cunitz used

A

Free recall

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9
Q

Condition 1 results - Glanzer and Cunitz

A

Found expected serial position curve

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10
Q

Condition 2 results - Glanzer and Cunitz

A

Distractor task disrupted recency effect

Words from that part of list were not recalled well

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11
Q

Glanzer and Cunitz’s explanation for their results

A

Distractor task displaced last few words from STM

Words from beginning not affected as they had already been rehearsed and passes to LTM

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12
Q

Methodological issues of Glanzer and Cunitz

A

Lab experiment

Participants asked to recall more than one list in each condition - averaged results to stop unrepresentative results

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13
Q

Factors Glanzer (1972) found affected primary effect

A

Age of participant
Rate of presentation - slower the better
Familiarity of words

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14
Q

What year was the study on HM?

A

1966

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15
Q

Who did the case study on HM?

A

Miller

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16
Q

What was wrong with HM?

A

Suffered from severe epilepsy
Had an operation to have parts of temporal lobes and hippocampus removed
Had memory problems

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17
Q

HM’s memory problems

A

Could remember from early life
Couldn’t remember anything 10 years before operation
Could remember 6 numbers in order in STM
Couldn’t form new long term memories - read same magazine, couldn’t remember regular psychologist

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18
Q

Who came up with the multi-store model and when?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

1968

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19
Q

Capacity for STM

A

Limited

7 (+/-2)

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20
Q

Capacity of LTM

A

Supposedly unlimited

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21
Q

STM encoding

A

Acoustic

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22
Q

LTM encoding

A

Semantic

23
Q

STM duration

A

Very limited

24
Q

LTM duration

A

Up to a lifetime

25
Q

Way of forgetting information in STM

A

Displacement

27
Q

Way of forgetting information in LTM

A

Interference

28
Q

What year was the case study for HM?

A

1966

29
Q

Who coined “7 plus or minus 2”?

A

Miller 1956

30
Q

What year was Jacob’s study?

A

1887

31
Q

What method did Jacobs come up with?

A

Digit span technique

32
Q

Digit span technique

A

Way of measuring STM capacity
Participants repeat back strings of digits in order of presentation
Increases gradually until can’t recall correctly

33
Q

What type of task is the digit span technique?

A

Serial recall task

34
Q

Miller 1956

A

Believed we held 7ish chunks of info

Didn’t determine how big a chunk was though

35
Q

Research into size of chunks

A

Simon 1974
Look at different size chunks
The larger the chunks, the less chunks could be recalled

36
Q

Peterson and Peterson methodology

A

Gave participants consonant trigrams
Participants were asked to count backwards from a number in 3’s for 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds
Repeated using different trigrams

37
Q

What year was Peterson and Peterson?

A

1959

38
Q

Who looked at duration of STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson

39
Q

Peterson and Peterson results

A

About 80% recall after 3 seconds

Dropped to about 10% after 18 seconds

40
Q

Peterson and Peterson conclusion

A

Information decays very rapidly from STM

41
Q

Who to use on a question on LTM duration

A

Bahrick et al (1975)

42
Q

What did Baherick et al test?

A

Tested memory of 392 graduates of American high school on their former class mates

43
Q

What types of memory tests did Bahrick et al use?

A

Recognition of pictures
Matching names to pictures
Recalling names with no picture cue

44
Q

Baherick et al results

A

Participants performed well up until 34 years - better performance on recognition then recall
Dip in all recall after 47 years - Can’t tell if that is to do with time or aging effects in brains of older ppts

45
Q

Who looked at STM encoding and when?

A

Conrad 1964

Baddeley 1966

46
Q

Who looked at LTM encoding and when?

A

Baddeley 1966

47
Q

Conrad methodology

A

Showed participants random sequence of 6 consonants
Either acoustically similar or dissimilar letters
Wrote down straight after in correct serial order

48
Q

Conrad results

A

Was harder to recall similar sounding words

Concluded must have had to convert from visual to acoustic

49
Q

Baddeley 1966 before change

method, results, conclusion

A

4 conditions
Presented random sequence of 5 words from a condition
Wrote down immediately in serial order
Words that sounded same hardest to remember
Agreed STM encodes acoustically

50
Q

Baddeley’s conditions

A

Acoustically similar words
Acoustically dissimilar words
Semantically similar words
Semantically dissimilar words

51
Q

Baddeley 1966 after change

method

A 
Same conditions
10 words
Prevented rehearsal
Presented list 4 times
Recall tested after 20 minutes
52
Q

Why did Baddeley change his study design?

A

To test LTM

53
Q

Baddeley 1966 after change

result and conclusion

A

Acoustically similar words had no affect on recall
Words with similar meanings hard to recall
Concluded LTM encoded semantically

54
Q

Strengths of multi-store model

A

Important contribution to memory research, allowing testable models to be constructed
Lots of research to support distinction of STM and LTM

55
Q

Weaknesses of multi-store model

A

Reductionist - doesn’t look at different types of things we have to remember: funny, interesting
Rehearsal to pass information to LTM isn’t most effective
Most evidence is from lab work

Psychology (9 decks)

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