Psychology: The Science Of The Mind Flashcards
Chapters 1 - 3
Define the science of psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, encompassing not just what people do but their biological activities, feelings, perceptions, memory, reasoning, and thoughts.
Describe behavioral neuroscientists
They focus on the biological basis of behavior, and experimental psychologists study the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world
Describe cognitive psychology
An outgrowth of experimental psychology, studies higher mental processes, including memory, knowing, thinking, reasoning, problem-solving, judging, decision making, and language.
Describe developmental psychologists
They study how people grow and change throughout the life span.
Describe personality psychologists
They Personality psychologists consider the consistency and change in an individual’s behavior, as well as the individual differences that distinguish one person’s behavior from another’s
Describe health psychologists
Health psychologists study psychological factors that affect physical disease, while clinical psychologists consider the study, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal behavior. Counseling psychologists focus on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. Forensic psychologists apply psychology to the criminal justice system and legal issues.
Describe social psychology
Social psychology is the study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
Describe cross-cultural psychology
Cross-cultural psychology examines the similarities and differences in psychological functioning among various cultures.
What are some other increasingly important fields in psychology?
Other increasingly important fields are evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics, and clinical neuropsychology.
List the major specialties for working in the field of psychology
Psychologists are employed in a variety of settings. Although the primary sites of employment are private practice and colleges, many psychologists are found in hospitals, clinics, community mental health centers, and counseling centers.
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
Wilhelm Wundt laid the foundation of psychology in 1879, when he opened his laboratory in Germany.
Explain the roots of psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt laid the foundation of psychology in 1879, when he opened his laboratory in Germany.
- Early perspectives that guided the work of psychologists were structuralism, functionalism, and gestalt theory.
What does the neuroscience approach of psychology focus on?
The neuroscience approach focuses on the biological components of the behavior of people and animals.
What does the psychodynamic perspective of psychology focus on?
The psychodynamic perspective suggests that powerful, unconscious inner forces and conflicts about which people have little or no awareness are the primary determinants of behavior.
What does the behavioral perspective of psychology focus on?
The behavioral perspective de-emphasizes internal processes and concentrates instead on observable, measurable behavior, suggesting that understanding and control of a person’s environment are sufficient to fully explain and modify behavior.
What does the cognitive approach of psychology focus on?
Cognitive approaches to behavior consider how people know, understand, and think about the world.
What does the humanistic perspective of psychology focus on?
The humanistic perspective emphasizes that people are uniquely inclined toward psychological growth and higher levels of functioning and that they will strive to reach their full potential.
Apply psychology to your life
Psychologists study a variety of topics related to the real world and everyday life, including ways to reduce aggression, eyewitness testimony in trials, and the way that cell phone use impairs driving.
Summarize psychology’s key issues and controversies
Psychology’s key issues and controversies include nature (heredity) versus nurture (environment); conscious versus unconscious causes of behavior; observable behavior versus internal mental processes; free will versus determinism; and individual differences versus universal principles
Define the scientific method, and list the steps involved
The scientific method is the approach psychologists use to understand behavior. It consists of four steps: identifying questions of interest, formulating an explanation, carrying out research that is designed to support or refute the explanation, and communicating the findings.
Describe how psychologists use research to answer questions of interest
Research in psychology is guided by theories (broad explanations and predictions regarding phenomena of interest) and hypotheses (theory-based predictions stated in a way that allows them to be tested).