Psychology Test 3

Question 1

Memory Processes: Encoding

Answer 1

Taking in information through attention. Deep encoding (e.g., creating connections) is more effective.

Question 2

What is Memory?

Answer 2

The retention of information or experiences as a result of three different processes

Question 3

Memory Processes: Storage

Answer 3

Retaining information in sensory memory (brief), short-term memory (STM), or long-term memory (LTM).

Question 4

Memory Processes: Retrieval

Answer 4

Retrieval: Accessing stored information using cues (e.g., environmental context).

Question 5

Short Term Memory

Answer 5

Holds 7±2 items for ~30 seconds.
Requires rehearsal to retain or transfer to LTM.
Chunking: Grouping information into meaningful units.

Question 6

Long-Term Memory

Answer 6

Unlimited capacity and permanent storage.
Types:
Explicit (declarative): Facts (semantic) and events (episodic).
Implicit (non-declarative): Skills (procedural), priming, and conditioned responses.

Question 7

Encoding Tips

Answer 7

Use elaboration: Connect new info to what you already know.
Imagery: Create mental pictures or stories for concepts.
Distributed Practice: Study in multiple sessions instead of cramming.

Question 8

Forgetting: Interference

Answer 8

Interference:
Proactive: Older info disrupts new learning.
Retroactive: Newer info disrupts old memory.

Question 9

Forgetting: Decay Theory

Answer 9

Memories fade over time without use

Question 10

Forgetting: Encoding Failure

Answer 10

Info never properly learned

Question 11

Retrieval Strategies

Answer 11

Context-dependent memory: Recall is better in the same environment as learning.
Mnemonics: Use acronyms, rhymes, or visual associations.

Question 12

Thinking: Problem Solving Steps

Answer 12

• Define the problem clearly
• Use strategies
  -Evaluate solutions
• Rethink the problem

Question 13

Decision Making

Answer 13

Automatic (System 1): Fast, intuitive, uses heuristics.
Controlled (System 2): Slow, analytical, uses logic.

Question 14

Biases

Answer 14

Confirmation Bias: Seeking information that confirms beliefs.
Availability Heuristic: Judging based on easily recalled examples (e.g., fearing plane crashes more than car accidents).

Question 15

Intelligence: IQ

Answer 15

Good tests off Intelligence Quotient for validity, reliability and standardization
Mental Age/ Chronological x100

Question 16

Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)

Answer 16

Types: Verbal, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, existentialist.

Question 17

Language Key Elements

Answer 17

Phonology: Sounds.
Morphology: Word formation (e.g., root words, prefixes).
Syntax: Sentence structure.
Semantics: Meaning of words/sentences.
Pragmatics: Social use of language (e.g., tone, gestures).

Question 18

Language Development

Answer 18

Critical period: 0–12 years for language learning.
Overregularization: Applying general rules incorrectly (e.g., “goed” instead of “went”).

Question 19

Prenatal Development

Answer 19

Germinal (1–2 weeks): Zygote forms, cell division begins.
Embryonic (3–8 weeks): Organ development; neural tube forms.
Fetal (9 weeks–birth): Growth and refinement of body systems.

Question 20

Teratogens

Answer 20

Any environmental agents that harm the fetus(diseases, viruses, chemicals)

Question 21

Cognitive Development: (Piaget)

Answer 21

Jean Piaget proposed that children actively construct their cognitive world as they progress through four developmental stages.

Question 22

Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor

Answer 22

(0-2 years): Object permanence: Understanding objects exist even when unseen

Question 23

Cognitive Development: Preoperational

Answer 23

(2-7 Years):
Egocentrism: Difficulty seeing others perspectives
Lack of conversation: Failing to understand that quantity remains the same despite shape changes.

Question 24

Concrete Operational

Answer 24

(7-11 Years): Logical Reasoning about concrete objects. Can classify and reverse processes

Question 25

Formal Operational

Answer 25

(11- Adult Years): Abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning

Question 26

Erikson’s Theory on Socioemotional Development

Answer 26

Erik Erikson’s eight-stage theory of psychosocial development outlines conflicts at each stage of life. Resolving them fosters a strong sense of self, while failure can lead to future challenges.

Question 27

Socioemotional Development Stages 1-4

Answer 27

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0–1): Consistent care builds trust.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1–3): Encouragement fosters independence.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3–5): Support exploration to build initiative.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6–12): Reinforce competence in school/life tasks.

Question 28

Socioemotional Development stages 5-8

Answer 28

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Explore to form identity.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood): Form close relationships.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood): Contribute to society.
8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood): Reflect on life with fulfillment.

Question 29

Attachment Styles (Ainsworth)

Answer 29

Secure: Uses caregiver as a base to explore.
Insecure:
Avoidant: Detached from caregiver.
Ambivalent: Clingy, unsure of caregiver’s reliability.

Question 30

Influences on Development

Answer 30

Nature: Genetic inheritance.
Nurture: Environment and experiences.
Resilience: Ability to recover from adversity.