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Psychology Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Lasting change in the way a person responds based on experience

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2
Q

Reflexes VS Instincts

A

Automatic responses from a stimulus.

Complex patterns of behaviour from genetics

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3
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased response to a stimulus after its repeated presentation

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4
Q

Laws of Association

A

Conditions that thoughts become connects/associated with other thoughts

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5
Q

Law of Similarity

A

Two things become connects if they are similar

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6
Q

Law of Continuity

A

Two things can become connected if they happen close together

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7
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

One of the first types of learning studied. A conditioned stimulus becomes connected with an unrelated conditioned stimulus

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8
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Studied the digestive system of dogs. Best known for his work in Classical Conditioning

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9
Q

Conditioned Response VS Conditioned Stimulus

A

A learned Response

A stimulus that brings a response through learning

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10
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

A response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The tendency to only respond to a specific range of stimulation

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12
Q

Operant/Instrumental Conditioning

A

Learning to act on the environment in order to bring a consequence

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13
Q

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect

A

An animals chance on repeating a behaviour depends on the behaviours consequence

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14
Q

Reinforcement

A

Consequence to encourage behaviour

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15
Q

Punishment

A

Consequence to discourage behaviour

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16
Q

Extinction

A

No consequence follows the behaviour

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17
Q

Positive Reinforcement VS Negative Reinforcement

A

Behaviour is followed by something the animal finds pleasant

Behaviour is followed by removal of something negative

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18
Q

Positive punishment vs Negative punishment

A

Behaviour is followed by something negative to decrease behaviour
Behaviour is followed by the removal of something postive

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19
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement

A

Determination of when a behaviour will be reinforced

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20
Q

Continuous Reinforcement VS Fixed Ratio VS Variable Ratio

A
  • Behaviour reinforced the same way every time behaviour happens
  • Reinforced after a specified number of responses
  • The number of times behaviour needs to be repeated for reinforcement changes
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21
Q

Fixed Interval VS Variable Interval

A

Reinforcement after a certain amount of time

Reinforcement after varying amounts of time

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22
Q

Social Learning

A

Individuals learn from those around them

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23
Q

Observational Learning

A

We learn by watching the behaviour of others.

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24
Q

Modeling VS Vicarious Conditioning

A
  • When people reproduce the behaviour they observe from others
  • When we learn the consequence of behaviour from watching what happens to others who do it
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25
Q

Tutelage

A

Teaching of skills and concepts through verbal explanation and instructions

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26
Q

PQ4R

A

A 6 step technique to help people learn written material.

Preview; Question; Read; Reflect; Recite; Review

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27
Q

Unit 2

A
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28
Q

Memory

A

Our ability to take the information we have and properly form it so it can be stored, retrieved and used.

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29
Q

Encoding

A

The first step of Mental Processes. Processing of information and other input into your memory

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30
Q

Sensory Representation

A

Store what we receive in sensory mode (A song/mental picture of a place)

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31
Q

Verbal Representation

A

Information stored in words

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32
Q

Storage

A

Second stage in mental processes. The process of retaining or containing memory whether in short-term or long-term memory

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33
Q

Retrieval

A

Last stage in mental processes. The recollection of something in our memory

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34
Q

Sensory register

A

the most immediate form of memory. Last only a fraction of a second

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35
Q

Iconic VS Echoic storage

A
  • momentary visual information memory

- momentary auditory information memory

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36
Q

Short-Term memory

A

small storage of information in a person’s consciousness. Last from a few seconds to a minute. Has limited storage

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37
Q

Chunking

A

The grouping of information into meaningful categories. Strategy used to increase amount of information in short-term memory.

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38
Q

Serial Position Effect VS Recency Effect VS Primary Effect

A
  • The overall accuracy of recall can depend on the position of an item on a list
  • People tend to remember the things at the end of a list best
  • The first items on a list are easier to remember than the middle items
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39
Q

Long-term memory

A

Retain greater amounts of information for longer (for life) because it has representations of thoughts, feelings, images, and sounds.

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40
Q

Working Memory

A

Temporary storage and processing of information used to solve and respond to problems

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41
Q

Declarative Memory (explicit) VS Procedural Memory (Implicit)

A
  • Facts and events and needs recall

- “How to” information and procedures - more unconsious

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42
Q

Sematic memory VS Episodic Memory

A
  • General life-based knowledge

- Particular events that are specific to a context

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43
Q

Transience VS Absent-Mindedness VS Misattribution

A
  • Our memories fade over time
  • Our minds are preoccupied else where
  • Misremember the source of information
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44
Q

Transience VS Absent-Mindedness VS Misattribution

A
  • Our memories fade over time
  • Our minds are preoccupied elsewhere
  • We misremember the source of information
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45
Q

Suggestibility VS Persistence VS Bias

A
  • When we think we remember something but it’s really something someone told us
  • The memories we want to get rid of but can’t
  • Remembering an event the way we want to remember it
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46
Q

Decay Theory

A

Forgetting happens because of fading memory connections. If a memory pathway isn’t used in a long time it may change or decay

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47
Q

Interference and Retroactive interference and Motivated forgetting

A
  • The confusion of two similar memories with each other
  • Old information interferes with new information
  • forgetting something for a reason
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48
Q

Unit 3

A
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49
Q

Thinking

A

The manipulation of information for a purpose (Making decisions, forming concepts)

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50
Q

Mental Images

A

Visual Representations we use when thinking

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51
Q

Mental Models

A

Representations that predict, explain, or describe the way things work

52
Q

Categories and categorization and concepts

A

We place things in groups based on common characteristics
The process of placing something in a category
Mental representations of the categories (car, horse, cat…)

53
Q

Prototypes

A

abstractions that contain the most common elements of a category (airbrushed image of item)

54
Q

Basic Level

A

Broadest category, items chare common and distinctive characteristics (Dog)

55
Q

subordinate level

A

below basic level. Unusual items like Penguins, they don’t quite fit into the bird category. (Golden Retriever)

56
Q

superordinate level

A

Abstract level, the items share few characteristics (Mammals)

57
Q

Decision Making

A

Process of weighing pros and cons of different alternatives and making a choice

58
Q

Problem Solving

A

Process of changing one situation into another to achieve a goal

59
Q

Mental Simulation and Algorithms

A

(Problem Solving Strategies) - imaging the steps you have to take to solve the problem before you begin
- we use systematic procedures to come up with solutions

60
Q

Functional fixedness and Confirmation bais

A
  • Tendency to focus on one aspect of the item instead of the potential functions
  • tendecy to look for affirmation of what we already believe
61
Q

Reasoning - Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

A

the process where we formulate and evaluate arguments and beliefs - reasoning from specific information to general (saw four-legged animal barking we reason it’s a dog)
-thinking from a set of assumptions, going from general to specific information

62
Q

Syllogism and Analogical reasoning

A
  • Type of deductive reasoning, the use of two premises to come to logical conclusion
  • The process of understanding a novel or situation by using familiar one
63
Q

Language and Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity

A
  • a system of symbols, meanings and sounds that allow us to communicate
  • Theory about how language influences the way we think
64
Q

Phonemes, morphemes, phrases and sentences

A
  • Smallest unit of sound that makes up speech (vowels and consonants)
  • Smallest units of meaning, made from combined phonemes (words, prefixes and suffixes)
  • groups of words that convey meaning and serve as a unit
  • organized groups of words to express intentions and thoughts
65
Q

Syntax, Grammar and Semantics

A
  • protocols in language referring to how words and phrases can be placed in a sentence
  • system in language generating acceptable utterances and identifying those that aren’t acceptable
  • rules in language about the meaning of morphemes, words and phrases
66
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

gestures, facial expressions, body language and non-verbal vocalizations (sigh) (smiling, posture, eye contact)

67
Q

Unit 4

A
68
Q

Intelligence

A

Our ability to apply knowledge we have to our environment, using it to make our way successfully through the world.

69
Q

Intelligence Tests, Sir Francis Galton, and Psychometric Instruments

A
  • Measures the cognitive abilities of individuals and how they appear to others
  • the first person to measure intelligence
  • used to measure personality traits and intellectual skills
70
Q

Alfred Binet and Mental age

A
  • Create the model for most intelligence tests today, introduced mental age
  • the average time when children are able to reach a certain score on an intelligence test
71
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

Give a score to intellectual functioning by measuring how it compares to others (IQ = (MA/CA) X 100) MA is mental age CA is chronological age

72
Q

David Wechlser and the Wechsler test

A
  • Tried to make IQ tests less biased towards Native English speakers
  • Uses subtests in order measure verbal and non-verbal intelligence
73
Q

Psychometric Approach and Factor Analysis

A
  • Way of understanding the notion of intelligence by evaluating how test scores correlate to a person’s overall skill set and abilities
  • Statistics based strategy to identify correlations using elements known as factors
74
Q

Two Factor theory of intelligence, the G-factor and S-factor

A

(Charles Spearman) - two main types of common elements, general and specific

  • General intelligence - score well in general knowledge
  • specific ability to perform well in one thing but not others
75
Q

Howard Gardner, Theory of Multiple Intelligence and Savants

A
  • Different types of intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, naturalistic, intrapersonal, visual-spatial, musical, and other intelligences
  • people who suffer mental deficiencies but still excel in some areas
76
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

the ability to preseve emotions and use them to assist thinking, understand emotional meanings, and manage personal feelings

77
Q

Unit 5

A
78
Q

Motivation

A

Is the force behind the behaviour that makes us avoid some aspects of life and pursue others

79
Q

Primary Needs and Secondary needs

A

Are the basic needs we all have (food, water, air)

The needs we learn, like preferences

80
Q

Homeostasis

A

chance to move forward into a need-free/drive-free state

81
Q

Drive-reduction Theory

A

Motivation comes from both reinforcement and drive

82
Q

Primary Drive, Secondary Drives, and Incentives

A
  • An innate need for things like food and water
  • Like money; drives from learning and past conditions
  • external rewards
83
Q

Arousal Theory and Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • we all have an optimal arousal level that we are constantly trying to reach
  • As arousal increases so do our motivation and preformance
84
Q

Goals and Goal setting theory

A
  • Desired outcomes we achieve through social learning

- conscious goals greatly influence our motivation

85
Q

Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Self determination theory

A
  • enjoyment of activity for it’s own sake (internal rewards)
  • External rewards like trophies
  • People have an innate need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness to others
86
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

(Abraham Maslow) Our basic survival needs need to be met before our higher needs. (low to high - Physiological, safety, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization)

87
Q

Emotions and Moods

A
  • Positive and negative feelings

- Extended period of emotional state

88
Q

James-Lange theory VS Cannon-Bard Theory

A

emotions are part of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system interprets reaction
-stimuli produces both psychical and emotional response at the same time

89
Q

Appraisal theory

A

How individuals process and evaluate their situations according to how they feel

89
Q

Appraisal theory

A

How individuals process and evaluate their situations according to how they feel

90
Q

Two-factor theory of emotion

A

people must have both an automatic physiological arousal and social label to help them interpret their feelings

91
Q

Unit 6

A
92
Q

Health Psychology

A

Study of how psychological influences affect human vitality, make them ill or affect illness.

93
Q

Humoral theory of illness

A

disease occurs in body when fluids like plghem, blood, black and yellow bile become imbalanced also believed imbalances cause psychological illnesses

94
Q

Stress, eustress, and distress

A
  • Challenge a person faces when forced to adapt to inner and outer threats and demands both perceived and real
  • Healthy stress (positive feelings)
  • Negative stress (adverse feelings)
95
Q

General-Adaptation syndrome

A

3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. ( 1st is flight or fight, still on alert but back to normal, then exhaustion)

96
Q

Holmes-Rahe scales

A

Measures the stress of common life events (In order; Death of spouse, divorce, marital separation, jail term, family death, personal illness, marriage, fired, marital reconciliation, retirement, change in family health, pregnancy)

97
Q

Approach-Approach, Approach Avoidance, Avoidance-Avoidance, Double approach avoidance

A
  • choose between two postive goals
  • choose between two negative goals
  • person finds pros and cons in one particular goal
  • choose between two choices, both with pros and cons
98
Q

Coping/Coping mechanisms

A

Ways we deal with stress

99
Q

Problems focused coping, Emotion focused coping, social support

A
  • aim to change situation causing stress (ask for help, remove stress, or avoid stress)
  • change person’s thoughts about stressor by accessing consequences of stress (alcohol, food, drugs)
  • presence of helpful caring people in life.
100
Q

Unit 7

A
101
Q

Personality

A

As an organized set of characteristics that make an individual different from others and influence their behaviours and thoughts

102
Q

topographic model.

A

Original theory; mental process are made up of three parts, consciousness, pre-consiousness, and unconciousness

103
Q

Conscious mental processes, pre-conscious mental processes, unconscious mental processes

A
  • Rational, goal-orientanted, aware of
  • Just out of conscious thinking, able to become conscious
  • Repressed, irrational, kept out of consciousness
104
Q

Ambivalence, Instinct model, life drive/libido

A
  • conflicting thoughts or motives
  • focus on drives and motivations of different people
  • Pleasure seeking in a broader sense
105
Q

Ambivalence, Instinct model, life drive/libido

A
  • conflicting thoughts or motives
  • focus on drives and motivations of different people
  • Pleasure seeking in a broader sense
106
Q

Structural Model, Id, Superego, Ego

A
  • conflict of persons desires and real world constraits
  • Untamed driven by impulse and instinct
  • Balances Id, our ideals and models
  • balance between both id and superego (between desire and reality)
107
Q

personal constructs

A

mental pictures of people, places, and events

108
Q

Behaviour-outcome expectancy and Self-efficiency expectancy and Self-regulation

A
  • person’s belief that if they act a certain way it will lead to expect result
  • Notion about how they will preform to reach certain end
  • setting goals, judging performance in achieving them, adjust objectives based on judgements
109
Q

Traits

A

habitual patterns of emotions, behaviour and thoughts

110
Q

Extroversion, Introversion, Neuroticism, and psychoticism

A
  • Socail and Active
  • Socially inhibit and cautious
  • emotionally stable and emotionally instable
  • antisocail, aggressive or impulsive
111
Q

Five-Factor Model

A

Separtes traits into Big Five (OCEAN) Openness, Conscientiousness, Extrovertism, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

112
Q

Temperament and person-by-situation interactions

A

A basic imposition influenced by our genes

-idea the people show different traits in certain situations

113
Q

True Self, False Self, Self Concept, and Ideal self

A
  • Core aspect untainted by the demands and expectations
  • Starts as mask morphs into true psychological self (to gain approval)
  • Perception about one-self
  • what individual thinks they should be
114
Q

Actualizing Tendency and Culture Pattern Approach

A

desire to reach various human needs

-individuals personality reflects cultural practices

115
Q

Unit 8

A
116
Q

Abnormal Psychology (Psychopathology) and Mental Disorders

A

Study of abnormal behaviour and thoughts, seeking to understand and correct certain thoughts and behaviours
-persistent abnormal functioning, most people experience symptoms of disorders occasionally

117
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and ICD-10

A

contains working definitions of mental disorders

-Internationaly Classification of disease with about 300 mental disorders

118
Q

Anxiety, Generalized Anxiety, Panic Attacks, Phobias, and OCD

A
  • feeling generated by apprehension or tension when someone anticipates danger 3 dimensions subjective experiences, behavioral responses, and physiological responses
  • Individual experiences anxiety and worry most of the time
  • sudden periods of intense fear without clear reason
  • Intense irrational fear about particular objects and experiences (agoraphobia fear of being in room without escape)
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - involuntary persistent thoughts and repetitive behaviours
119
Q

Affective or Mood Disorders

A

Persistent postive or negative emotions great enough to interfere with someones life

120
Q

Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder

A
  • despondent moods that last all day everyday for at least two weeks
  • One or more episodes of mania and major depression
121
Q

Personality Disorder

A

One or more of personality traits are maladaptive or a significant impairment to their functioning

122
Q

Antisocial personality disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A
  • Chronic indifference to people (Psychopath)
  • Instability around conceptions of self and others
  • grandoise thoughts of self and general lack of empathy to others
123
Q

Somatoform Disorder

A

Psychological Disorders with physical symptoms

124
Q

Hypochondria, Factitious disorder (by proxy),

A
  • excessive worry about ones health, illnesses and diseases

- Individual purposely tries to injure and sicken themselves, or someone in their care (by proxy)

125
Q

Psychotic Disorders, Hallucinations, Delusions

A
  • Ability to distort or break someones reality
  • false sensory perceptions like hearing things)
  • false beliefs

Psychology HS (2 decks)

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