Psychology Quiz Unit 2 Flashcards
TOT Phenemenon
Tip of Tongue, occurs when we fail to retrieve info
What is Recall?
Recall involved 2 steps, 1 generation of possible targets and , identification of genuine ones
ex. test info, remembering
What is Recognition?
generally easier because the first step is already complete and one only has to decide if the info is correct
ex. list of names and recognizing
Why do we need Memory?
- academics
- skills
- stay alive
- behaviour and experience
- recognize familiar people
- enjoy, share and sustain culture
- build a sense of self
- beyond conditioning in learning from experience including ones past and from the experience of others
3 Levels of Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What is Encoding
-the info gets into our brains to a way that allows it to be stored (senses/attention)
- we use our sense to encode and establish memory, our senses capacity has limits
What is Storage?
- the info is held in a way that allows is to remember
- the info is maintained over time, the amount depends on how much effort was put into encoding the info and its importance
- info can be stored for 4 seconds or longer
What is Retrieval?
- reactivating and recalling the info, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded
- we can bring the info to the conscious level
What is Selective Attention?
- focusing on one thing, eliminating all distracting factors
- meeting basic needs (hunger/thirst)
- observing the strange or novel (new)
- considering topics of interest (people, subjects, etc)
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
1) Stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly in sensory memory
2) Some of this info is processed into short term memory and encoded through rehearsal
3) Info then moves into long term memory, where it can be retrieved later
Atkinson-Shiffrin Diagram
External Events
- Sensory Input
Sensory Memory
- Encoding (attention to important info)
Working/Short Term Memory
- Maintenance Rehearsal
- Encoding
Long Term Memory
- Retrieving (Backwards)
What does Automatic Processing mean?
Info skips all the way to long term memory
What is Sensory Memory?
- refers to immediate, brief recording of sensory info before it goes to short or long term memory
- lasts a second, 250ms to 2s for Auditory
- 250ms for Iconic
Sense Memory Name’s
Eyes - Iconic Memory
Mouth - Gustatory Memory
Ear - Echoic Memory
Smell - Olfactory Memory
Touch - Haptic Memory
What is the George Sperlings Experiment?
- exposed people to 1/20th second view of grid letters, followed by a tone which told them which row of letters to pull from iconic memory and recall
- 50% of the time, people recalled letters without tone
- 100% of the time, people called letters with tone
George Miller (1920)
- proposed that we can hold 7+/2 info bits
- more recent research suggest that the average, free from distraction, can hold about, 7 digits, 6 letters and 5 words
Lloyd Peterson and Margaret Peterson (1985)
- want to know the duration of short term memory
1) given triplets consonants
2) prevent rehearsing by doing distracting tasks
3) tested at times for recall - results, 12 seconds most memory of the consonants had decayed and could not be retrieved
STM (short term memory) is limited in its duration
- Maintenance Rehearsal, repeat and repeat for immediate use
ex. phone number for immediate - Elaborative Rehearsal, focusing on the meaning of the info and linking it to the info in the LTM
ex. 403-911-2024
STM is limited in its capaity
The Primacy - Recency Effect
- you remember the first and last info
- lessinfo remembered in the middle
Working Memory
- a never understanding of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s second stage, concentrates on “active processing” and “manipulation of information” in this intermediate stage
- associates new and old info
- used in the execution of cognitive tasks
- planning, problem solving, learning or reasoning
*if not working correctly, could be linked with dyslexia, dyscalculia and ADHD
ex) attempting to solve 43 x 7
How is Long Term Memory split?
- Explicit and Implicit Memory
- Declarative and Procedural Memory
- Episodic and Semantic Memory
What is Explicit and Implicit Memory?
Explicit Memory - info you consciously work to remember
Implicit Memory - info remembered unconsciously and effortless (names, songs on radio)
What is Declarative and Procedural Memory?
Declarative - facts
Procedural - skills/tasks
What is Episodic and Semantic Memory?
Episodic - events/experience
Semantic - facts and concepts
Brain Analogy
Cortex - LTM and STM
Thalamus - info processing
Amygdala - emotional association
Hippocampus - LTM
H.M Case Study
- Removed hippocampus
- discovered the hippocampus is involved with LTM and put memory into Cortex for permanent storage
- most studied brain
- unconscious motors still remember what conscious forgot
Retrieving Info
- Recall, Recognition and Relearn
- Recalling or reactivating the info, producing it in a similar way
Reconstructive Process (recall)
- our memories can be simplified, enriched or distorted, so they are altered. It will depend on our experiences attitudes or inferences
Schemas (recall)
- use them to interpret the world, expectations based on previous experiences, existing knowledge, contexts, attitudes and stereotypes, they can distort reality and memory
Eidetic Memory (recall)
- it is the ability to remember with great accuracy visual info on a short term exposure, common in adults
Who is Herman Ebbingham?
- studied another measure of memory, rehearsal time increase, relearning time decrease
What causes Forgetting?
- Brain Damage/Amnesia
- Encoding failure
- Storage Decay
- Retrieval Failure
- Interference
- Motivated Forgetting
Jill Price (1965) and Becky Sharrock
- hyperthymesia (highly superior autobiographical memory)
- recalls everything, cannot forget anything
- remembers all the good and bad things
- remembers all words from Harry Potter
- only person diagnosed with Autism and Hyperthymesia
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
- refers to inability to retrieve memory from the past
- can be caused by head injury, emotional trama
- can be recovered
What is Anterograde Amnesia?
- unable to create new memories, long term declarative
- H.M lived with no memories of life after surgery
What is Infantile Amnesia?
- implicit memory from infancy can be retained, including skills and conditioned responses, explicit memory recall only goes back to 3 years old
- the gap in our memories is called infantile amnesia
- memories were not stored because our hippocampus was not fully developed
What is Storage Decay?
- the longer the review, the longer it stays in the memory
- no review, less it stays
- applies to studies, don’t review everything in one day, break it up into chunks and study day by day
What is Retrieval Failure?
- memory does not decay but the association and links that helps u s find our way to the memory decays
Interference and Positive Transfer
- downside of not forgetting that is old and new memories can interfere with each other, making it hard to store new memories and retrieve old ones
- occasionally, opposite happens. In positive transfer, old info make it easier to learn new info
What is Motivated forgetting?
- memory is fallible and changeable
- Sigmund Freud concluded sometimes we make a unconscious decision to bury our anxiety
- research going through techniques (behaviourism) on the Amygdala to see if they can erase memories
- Motivated forgetting is uncommon, more often its
> recall is full of errors
> people try not to think of painful memories, fail to rehearse can fade memories
What is a Flashbulb Memory?
- intense emotion, highly accurate vivid memory of the moment a person is delivering news of a shocking event or emotional event
- flashbulb indicates even will be in like a photograph
- memories involve social kinds of encoding that occur when events are extreme or personal
How to Improve Memory?
- Eat healthy food (vitamin D, omega 3, nuts, berries)
- Sleep (8 hrs)
- Exercise
- Mind activities
- Organized
- Learn new skill
- stress free
- socialize regularly
- yoga and meditation
