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Psychology Final > Psychology Part 1 (#23) > Flashcards

Psychology Part 1 (#23) Flashcards

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1
Q

Effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals
Only observable events(stimulus-response relations) can be studied scientifically

A

Behavioral

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2
Q

Physiological, genetic, and neural bases of behavior in humans and animals
An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the brain structures and biochemical process the underlie behavior.

A

Biological

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3
Q

Evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals
Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success.

A

Evolutionary

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4
Q

Unconscious determinants of behavior
Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders

A

Psychoanalytic

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5
Q

Unique aspects of human experience
Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals.

A

Humanistic

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5
Q

thought’s; mental process
Human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information.

A

Cognitive

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6
Q

Goals of Scientific Enterprise

A

Application an control
Measurement and Description
Understanding and Prediction

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7
Q

Application control
…. a system of
interrelated ideas used to
explain a set of
observations.

A

Theory

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8
Q

Measurement and Description

A

Develop
measurement
techniques that
make it possible
to describe
behavior clearly
and precisely.

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9
Q

Understanding and
prediction
is a tentative
statement about the
relationship between two
or more variables.
is any measurable
conditions, events,
characteristics, or behaviors
that are controlled or
observed in a study.

A

Hypothesis and variables

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10
Q

A condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

A

Independent variable

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11
Q

The variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. It is usually a measurement of some aspect of the subjects’ behavior.

A

Dependent variable

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12
Q

The subjects/people or animals who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

A

Experimental Group

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13
Q

The subjects/ people or animals who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

A

Control Group

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14
Q

if they
tend to increase
and decrease
together.(ex. highschool GPA and College GPA)

A

Positively
correlated

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15
Q

if one
tends to increase
when the other
decreases. (ex. increase in absences from classes and decrease exam scores)

A

Negatively Correlated

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15
Q

if one
tends to increase
when the other
decreases. (ex. increase in absences from classes and decrease exam scores)

A

Negatively Correlated

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15
Q

if one
tends to increase
when the other
decreases. (ex. increase in absences from classes and decrease exam scores)

A

Negatively Correlated

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16
Q

Questionnaires or interviews used to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ background, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior.

A

survey

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17
Q

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction (voluntary) suspected role in Alsheimer’s

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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18
Q

regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal excess dopamine is linked to schizophrenia to little linked with Parkinson’s and also plays with addiction and the reward system

A

Dopamine (DA)

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19
Q

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure, memory, learning, blood pressure appetite

A

Endorphins

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20
Q

emotional arousal, memory storage, and metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release

A

Epinephrine(or adrenaline)

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21
Q

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

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22
Q

Brain arousal and other functions like mood, hunger, and sleep, alertness low levels deal with depression and high levels deal with agitated and maniac states

A

Norepinephrine (NE) (or noradrenaline)(NA)

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23
Q

Affects mood, sleep, aggression hunger, sensory perception, temp regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression.

A

Serotonin

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24
Q

All nerves and neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
carries info to and from the central nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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25
Q

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS and sends motor messages to muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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26
Q

controls involuntary basic life functions such as your heartbeat

A

autonomic nervous system

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27
Q

arouses the body to expend energy and respond to threat

A

sympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

Calms body to conserve energy and restore the status quo

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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29
Q

the thin, outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place

A

cerebral cortex

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30
Q

limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions helps govern the endocrine system linked to emotion and reward

A

Hypothalamus

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31
Q

sensory relay station

A

Thalamus

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32
Q

memory

A

Hippocampus

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33
Q

movement and all aspects of sleeping

A

Pons

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34
Q

Balance and coordination

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

controls heartbeat and breathing or automatic functions

A

Medulla

36
Q

a broad band of nerve fibers joining and sending messages to the two hemispheres of the brain.

A

corpus callosum

37
Q

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion like aggression and fear.

A

Amygdala

38
Q

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal and sensory info

A

reticular formation

39
Q

responsible for automatic survival functions

A

Brainstem

40
Q

a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain

A

spinal cord

41
Q

The process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain.

A

Sensation

42
Q

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns.

A

Perception

43
Q

Repeated or constant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain, which causes decreased sensation.
●Turning down the volume on repetitive information helps

A

Sensory Adaption

44
Q

we group things together that are physically close to each other.

A

Proximity

45
Q

In organizing stimuli, we tend to group a finished unit even if there are gaps in it. Do yu knw wt I mn?

A

Closure

46
Q

when items share visual characteristics, they are perceived as more related than objects that are dissimilar.

A

Similarity

47
Q

we are more likely to see continuous and smooth flowing lines rather than broken or jagged ones. This is because once our eyes begin to follow something, they will continue to travel in that direction until it encounters another item or object.

A

Continuity

48
Q

space, forms, or shapes within a specific composition. Basically, what this means, is the state in which we view elements as either the object of focus or the background

A

Figure-Ground

49
Q

Stage 1 of sleep is th

A

Lightest of sleep

50
Q

Stage of sleep marked by rapid
eye movements, high-frequency
brain waves, paralysis of large
muscles, and dreaming. Deep
sleep in which the brain-wave
pattern resembles that of an
alert and awake individual.

A

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
(REM)

51
Q

Important for learning and
consolidation of memories

A

REM

52
Q

Need for …..
sleep is satisfied before
REM

A

NREM

53
Q

Using a substance that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others.

A

Drug Abuse

54
Q

Hallmarks are withdrawal symptoms and drug tolerance.

A

Addiction

55
Q

Mental desire or craving to achieve a drug’s effect

A

Psychological Dependence

56
Q

Changes in bodily processes (withdrawal symptoms causing illness or pain that make a drug necessary for minimum daily functioning).

A

Physical Dependence

57
Q

describes a subjects’ reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use. Increasing its dosage may re-amplify the drug’s effects, however this may accelerate tolerance, further reducing the drug’s effects

A

Drug tolerance

58
Q

Alcohol, Barbiturates and Tranquilizers, Opioids Opiates

A

Depressants

59
Q

LSD and Marijuana

A

Hallucinogens

60
Q

Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Nicotine, Caffeine

A

Stimulants

61
Q

An unlearned stimulus that
naturally and automatically
elicits an unconditioned
response (UR) without
previous conditioning. EX. A dog and as he automatically salivates over food.

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

62
Q

Previously neutral
stimulus (bell) that,
through repeated
pairings with an
unconditioned stimulus
(dog food), now elicits a
conditioned response

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

63
Q

*Unlearned reaction to an
unconditioned stimulus (US)
without previous conditioning
A dog salivating

A

Unconditioned Response (UR)

64
Q

Learned reaction (salivate) to a
conditioned stimulus (bell ringing)
that occurs because of repeated
pairings with an unconditioned
stimulus (dog food)

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

65
Q

Learning through involuntary paired
associations; it occurs when a neutral
stimulus (NS) is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a
conditioned response (CR).

A

Classical Conditioning

66
Q

Stimulus that, before
conditioning, does not naturally
bring about the response of
interest

A

Neutral Stimulus (NS)Involuntary

67
Q

If student receive answers to the questions only
when they raise their hands before asking them,
hand-raising behavior is strengthened

A

Nature of operant
conditioning

68
Q

Praising children for picking up their clothes
increases the likelihood that they will repeat the
behavior

A

Positive reinforcer

69
Q

The annoying sound of a buzzer on an alarm
clock increases the likelihood that we will get
out of bed to turn it off

A

Negative reinforcer

70
Q

Food, water, and sexual stimulation are
primary reinforcers

A

Primary reinforcer

71
Q

Money, which can be exchanged for food and
clothing, is a secondary reinforcer

A

Secondary reinforcer

72
Q

A boy learns to dress himself when the
parent reinforces him for accomplishing
each small step in the process

A

Shaping

73
Q

A girl stops calling out in class without
first raising her hand when the teacher
fails to respond to her

A

Extinction

74
Q

A girl receives praise each time she puts
her clothes away

A

Schedule of continuous
reinforcement

75
Q

A boy receives praise for putting his
clothes away every third time he does it
(fixed-ratio schedule)

A

Schedule of partial
reinforcement

76
Q

The linking of a
stimulus to other information at
the time of encoding enhances
semantic encoding.

A

Elaboration

77
Q

The creation
of visual images to represent the
words to be remembered.

A

Visual Imagery

78
Q

Paivio’s
theory that memory is enhanced
by forming both semantic and
visual codes since either can lead
to recall.

A

Dual coding theory

79
Q

High motivation to remember
(MTR) at the time of encoding
improves recall later.

A

Motivation to remember:

80
Q

What type of encoding is in the shallow processing? Is the word written in capital letters?

A

Structural Encoding

81
Q

What type of encoding is in the intermediate processing? Does the word rhyme with weight?

A

Phonemic Encoding

82
Q

What type of encoding is in the Deep Processing? Would the word fit in the sentence “He met a …. on the street?”

A

Semantic Encoding

83
Q

Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory (STM)

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

84
Q

The process of linking new information to previously stored material in LTM

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

85
Q

Grouping separate pieces of
information into a single unit (or chunk)

A

Chunking

86
Q

persistent strengthening of synapses in the brain based on recent patterns of activity. These repeated patterns of synaptic activity produce a long lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. This strengthening of synapses allows for the speedy retrieval of critical memories. Ex. Piano practice

A

Long Term Potentiation

87
Q

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event. Ex. Details of a birthday party include cake and ice cream, gifts, etc.

A

Schema

88
Q

Phenomenon that occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information.
* Misinformation from others can distort one’s knowledge of basic facts. Just sharing your thought that someone was probably driving drunk can lead another to describe what they saw with this new information attached to it, “yes, they were weaving”.

A

Misinformation effect

Psychology Final (3 decks)

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