Psychology Part 1 (#23) Flashcards by Kierstan Joi

Effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals
Only observable events(stimulus-response relations) can be studied scientifically

Behavioral

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Physiological, genetic, and neural bases of behavior in humans and animals
An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the brain structures and biochemical process the underlie behavior.

Biological

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Evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals
Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success.

Evolutionary

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Unconscious determinants of behavior
Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders

Psychoanalytic

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Unique aspects of human experience
Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals.

Humanistic

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thought’s; mental process
Human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information.

Cognitive

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Goals of Scientific Enterprise

Application an control
Measurement and Description
Understanding and Prediction

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Application control
…. a system of
interrelated ideas used to
explain a set of
observations.

Theory

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Measurement and Description

Develop
measurement
techniques that
make it possible
to describe
behavior clearly
and precisely.

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Understanding and
prediction
is a tentative
statement about the
relationship between two
or more variables.
is any measurable
conditions, events,
characteristics, or behaviors
that are controlled or
observed in a study.

Hypothesis and variables

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A condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

Independent variable

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The variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. It is usually a measurement of some aspect of the subjects’ behavior.

Dependent variable

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The subjects/people or animals who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

Experimental Group

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The subjects/ people or animals who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

Control Group

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if they
tend to increase
and decrease
together.(ex. highschool GPA and College GPA)

Positively
correlated

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if one
tends to increase
when the other
decreases. (ex. increase in absences from classes and decrease exam scores)

Negatively Correlated

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if one
tends to increase
when the other
decreases. (ex. increase in absences from classes and decrease exam scores)

Negatively Correlated

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if one
tends to increase
when the other
decreases. (ex. increase in absences from classes and decrease exam scores)

Negatively Correlated

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Questionnaires or interviews used to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ background, attitudes, beliefs, or behavior.

survey

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A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction (voluntary) suspected role in Alsheimer’s

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal excess dopamine is linked to schizophrenia to little linked with Parkinson’s and also plays with addiction and the reward system

Dopamine (DA)

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natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure, memory, learning, blood pressure appetite

Endorphins

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emotional arousal, memory storage, and metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release

Epinephrine(or adrenaline)

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the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

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Brain arousal and other functions like mood, hunger, and sleep, alertness low levels deal with depression and high levels deal with agitated and maniac states

Norepinephrine (NE) (or noradrenaline)(NA)

Affects mood, sleep, aggression hunger, sensory perception, temp regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression.

Serotonin

All nerves and neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body carries info to and from the central nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS and sends motor messages to muscles

somatic nervous system

controls involuntary basic life functions such as your heartbeat

autonomic nervous system

arouses the body to expend energy and respond to threat

sympathetic nervous system

Calms body to conserve energy and restore the status quo

parasympathetic nervous system

the thin, outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place

cerebral cortex

limbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions helps govern the endocrine system linked to emotion and reward

Hypothalamus

sensory relay station

Thalamus

memory

Hippocampus

movement and all aspects of sleeping

Pons

Balance and coordination

Cerebellum

controls heartbeat and breathing or automatic functions

Medulla

a broad band of nerve fibers joining and sending messages to the two hemispheres of the brain.

corpus callosum

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion like aggression and fear.

Amygdala

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal and sensory info

reticular formation

responsible for automatic survival functions

Brainstem

a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain

spinal cord

The process of detecting, converting, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain.

Sensation

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information into meaningful patterns.

Perception

Repeated or constant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain, which causes decreased sensation. ●Turning down the volume on repetitive information helps

Sensory Adaption

we group things together that are physically close to each other.

Proximity

In organizing stimuli, we tend to group a finished unit even if there are gaps in it. Do yu knw wt I mn?

Closure

when items share visual characteristics, they are perceived as more related than objects that are dissimilar.

Similarity

we are more likely to see continuous and smooth flowing lines rather than broken or jagged ones. This is because once our eyes begin to follow something, they will continue to travel in that direction until it encounters another item or object.

Continuity

space, forms, or shapes within a specific composition. Basically, what this means, is the state in which we view elements as either the object of focus or the background

Figure-Ground

Stage 1 of sleep is th

Lightest of sleep

Stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles, and dreaming. Deep sleep in which the brain-wave pattern resembles that of an alert and awake individual.

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)

Important for learning and consolidation of memories

REM

Need for ..... sleep is satisfied before REM

NREM

Using a substance that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others.

Drug Abuse

Hallmarks are withdrawal symptoms and drug tolerance.

Addiction

Mental desire or craving to achieve a drug’s effect

Psychological Dependence

Changes in bodily processes (withdrawal symptoms causing illness or pain that make a drug necessary for minimum daily functioning).

Physical Dependence

describes a subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use. Increasing its dosage may re-amplify the drug's effects, however this may accelerate tolerance, further reducing the drug's effects

Drug tolerance

Alcohol, Barbiturates and Tranquilizers, Opioids Opiates

Depressants

LSD and Marijuana

Hallucinogens

Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Nicotine, Caffeine

Stimulants

An unlearned stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits an unconditioned response (UR) without previous conditioning. EX. A dog and as he automatically salivates over food.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Previously neutral stimulus (bell) that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (dog food), now elicits a conditioned response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

*Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (US) without previous conditioning A dog salivating

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Learned reaction (salivate) to a conditioned stimulus (bell ringing) that occurs because of repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus (dog food)

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learning through involuntary paired associations; it occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Classical Conditioning

Stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest

Neutral Stimulus (NS)Involuntary

If student receive answers to the questions only when they raise their hands before asking them, hand-raising behavior is strengthened

Nature of operant conditioning

Praising children for picking up their clothes increases the likelihood that they will repeat the behavior

Positive reinforcer

The annoying sound of a buzzer on an alarm clock increases the likelihood that we will get out of bed to turn it off

Negative reinforcer

Food, water, and sexual stimulation are primary reinforcers

Primary reinforcer

Money, which can be exchanged for food and clothing, is a secondary reinforcer

Secondary reinforcer

A boy learns to dress himself when the parent reinforces him for accomplishing each small step in the process

Shaping

A girl stops calling out in class without first raising her hand when the teacher fails to respond to her

Extinction

A girl receives praise each time she puts her clothes away

Schedule of continuous reinforcement

A boy receives praise for putting his clothes away every third time he does it (fixed-ratio schedule)

Schedule of partial reinforcement

The linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding enhances semantic encoding.

Elaboration

The creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered.

Visual Imagery

Paivio’s theory that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall.

Dual coding theory

High motivation to remember (MTR) at the time of encoding improves recall later.

Motivation to remember:

What type of encoding is in the shallow processing? Is the word written in capital letters?

Structural Encoding

What type of encoding is in the intermediate processing? Does the word rhyme with weight?

Phonemic Encoding

What type of encoding is in the Deep Processing? Would the word fit in the sentence "He met a .... on the street?"

Semantic Encoding

Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory (STM)

Maintenance Rehearsal

The process of linking new information to previously stored material in LTM

Elaborative Rehearsal

Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk)

Chunking

persistent strengthening of synapses in the brain based on recent patterns of activity. These repeated patterns of synaptic activity produce a long lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. This strengthening of synapses allows for the speedy retrieval of critical memories. Ex. Piano practice

Long Term Potentiation

An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event. Ex. Details of a birthday party include cake and ice cream, gifts, etc.

Schema

Phenomenon that occurs when participants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information. * Misinformation from others can distort one’s knowledge of basic facts. Just sharing your thought that someone was probably driving drunk can lead another to describe what they saw with this new information attached to it, “yes, they were weaving”.

Misinformation effect