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Stage 2 Psychology > Psychology of Learning > Flashcards

Psychology of Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

A teacher implements a reward system in her classroom. Every time a student completes their homework on time, they earn a gold star. Once a student collects 10 gold starts, they receive a prize such as extra playtime or a small treat. Is this positive or negative reinforcement?

A

Positive Reinforcement.

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1
Q

A person sets an alarm clock that plays a loud, unpleasant noise every morning. The only way to stop the noise is by getting out of bed and turning it off. Over time, the person starts getting out of bed faster to avoid the unpleasant noise. Is this positive or negative reinforcement?

A

Negative Reinforcement.

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2
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Observational learning is a type of learning that happens indirectly through a process of watching others, and then imitating their behaviour.

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3
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish amongst different stimuli, and respond differently to them.

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4
Q

What is stimulus generalisation?

A

Stimulus generalisation occurs where the conditioned response is elicited on the presentation of the other similar stimulus other than the conditioned stimulus.

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5
Q

How can you tell if stimulus generalisation has occurred?

A

If the response is similar to the presence of the original stimulus, stimulus generalisation has occured.

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6
Q

What is contingency? (In relation to Classical Conditioning)

A

Contingency is expectation that the Unconditioned Stimulus will follow the Neutral Stimulus)

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7
Q

When does contingency occur?

A

Contingency occurs after the conditioning has occurred.

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8
Q

What is contiguity? (In relation to classical conditioning)

A

Contiguity is the timing of the stimulus being presented in order for the conditioning to occur.

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9
Q

What is performance?

A

Performance is when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer required for the conditioned response to occur.

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10
Q

What is the difference between acquisition and performance?

A

Acquisition is the process of classical conditioning, performance is the final product.

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11
Q

When does acquisition occur?

A

Acquisition is said to occur when the conditioned stimulus ALONE produces the conditioned response.

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12
Q

What is acquisition?

A

Acquisition is the overall process during which the organism learns to associate the two events (Neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus together).

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13
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Systematic desensitisation is a form of behaviour therapy in which counterconditioning is used to reduce anxiety associated with a particular stimulus.

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14
Q

What are the stages of systematic desensitisation?

A
  1. Client is trained in deep muscle relaxation.
  2. Various anxiety-provoking situations related to the particular problem are listed in order from weakest to strongest.
  3. Each of these situations are presented in imagination or reality, beginning with the weakest whilst the client practices muscle relaxation.
  4. The client must progress through all stages.
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15
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is when we learn to associate two or more things together, and anticipate a particular outcome.

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16
Q

What are the four elements of classical conditioning?

A

UCS = Unconditioned stimulus (Lound Bang)
CS = Conditioned stimulus (White rat)
NS= Neutral stimulus (White rat)
UCR = Unconditioned response (Baby Fear)

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17
Q

What is extinction?

A

When the conditioned response no longer occurs after being presented with the conditioned stimulus.

The decline is gradual and relative to the magnitude of the conditioned response.

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18
Q

How can extinction occur?

A

By either presenting the conditioned stimulus alone or by presenting the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus independently from one another.

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19
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of a conditioned response, following either operant or classical conditioning after it has been experimentally extinguished.

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20
Q

What is Seligman’s theory of biological preparedness?

A

That there is an evolutionary response that allows us to adapt and survive.

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21
Q

What is the optimal contiguity time? (For classical conditioning)

A

The ideal timing between the presentation of the Neutral Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus is 0.5 seconds, otherwise the conditioning mat not occur.

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22
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.

23
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

An unconditioned response is a reflex or innate response. It does not require learning or conditioning.

24
Q

When has extinction occured?

A

Extinction is said to have occurred when a conditioned response no longer occurs when presented with the conditioned stimulus.

25
Q

What is extinction?

A

Extinction of the Conditioned Response occurs where the Conditioned Stimulus is continually presented without the Unconditioned Stimulus.

26
Q

When does spontaneous recovery occur?

A

Spontaneous recovery occurs after an interval (days or weeks) where the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are reintroduced, the conditioned stimulus will elicit the conditioned response.

27
Q

What is preparedness?

A

Animals and humans are biologically predisposed to form associations between stimulus that threaten our survival, or expose us to harm. Preparedness aids our survival by avoiding these stimuli.

28
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Systematic desensitisation is a behaviour therapy tool, used to modify learned behaviours associated with phobias. It teaches a person to replace feelings of anxiety with feelings of relaxation.

29
Q

What are the steps of systematic desensitisation?

A
  1. The person is taught a relaxation technique such as deep-breathing, muscle relaxation, or counting to 10.
  2. The person is taught to write a list, called a hierarchy of fears beginning with the least feared, and increasing up to the most fearful situation they can imagine.
    3.While in the state of relaxation, the person attempts the first item on their hierarchy, either actually doing it, or visualizing it.
  3. The individual must progress through all steps in a deep state of relaxation.
30
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the strength of a behaviour is modified by the consequences following the behaviour.

31
Q

What is the purpose of reinforcement?

A

The aim of reinforcement is to increase a behaviour.

32
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour.

33
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour.

34
Q

What is the purpose of punishment?

A

The aim of punishment is to decrease a behaviour.

35
Q

What is aversive punishment?

A

Aversive punishment is adding an unpleasant stimulus, to decrease a behaviour.

36
Q

What is response cost punishment?

A

Response cost punishment involves removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behaviour.

37
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Any stimulus, action, or event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again.

38
Q

What is a punisher?

A

Any stimulus, action or event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again.

39
Q

What are the differences between punishment, and negative reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement, even when negative always increases a behaviour, however punishment always decreases a behaviour.

40
Q

What are the advantages of reinforcement?

A
  • Teaches correct behaviour.
  • Makes a child, animal, or adult feel loved or appreciated.
  • Helps develop self-esteem.
  • Increases motivation to do the correct behaviour again in the future.
41
Q

What are the limitations of using punishment?

A
  • Feelings of resentment, frustration, or aggression may develop in a person who is punished frequently.
  • The punished behaviour is not forgotten, it’s supressed and may return when the threat of punishment is no longer present.
  • Adults who model aggressive punishments can incidentally cause increased aggression, as this teaches the child to show that aggression is a way to cope.
    -Punishment may create a feat of people in authority, which can be generalised to other situations.
  • Punishment can unintentionally reinforce the punisher.
    -Does not guide behaviour, only teaches you what not to do.
42
Q

When punishment is used, what kind of punishment is effective?

A
  • Brief
    -Immediate and linked to the undesired behaviour in the mind of the person or animal.
43
Q

What is contiguity? (In operant conditioning)

A

The length of time between the behaviour, and the consequence.

44
Q

What is contingency? (In operant conditioning)

A

The relationship between a behaviour and a reinforcer, or a behaviour and a punisher. They must be consistent, and appropriate.

45
Q

What is shaping?

A

Starting with a basic skill, and building towards a more complex series of skills. Each step is met with lots of praise, encouragement, and rewards to encourage the behaviour.

46
Q

What are examples of biological preparedness? (Classical Conditioning)

A

Taste aversions and phobias.

47
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

When a reinforcer is given after each and every demonstration, or performance of the desired behaviour.

48
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

Partial reinforcement occurs when only some of the desired behaviours are reinforced.

49
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a person believes that he or she is receiving real treatment, and reports improvement in his or her condition.

50
Q

What is behaviour modification?

A

A set of therapies/techniques based on operant conditioning. It is the process of changing behaviours over the long-term using various motivational techniques.

51
Q

What are the steps of behaviour modification?

A

Step 1 - Monitor the amount of time currently doing the activity to create a baseline for how problematic the behaviour currently is.

Step 2 - Negotiate a realistic goal to work towards with the person.

Step 3 - Discuss and agree upon a reinforcement schedule, with a set of rules for when the person can be rewarded.

Step 4 - Start the behaviour modification program, and reward small improvements in the desired behaviour.

Step 5 - Gradually remove the reward, to determine whether the behaviour has improved.

52
Q

What is observational learning?

A

A type of learning that happens indirectly through a process of watching others, and then imitating their behaviour.

53
Q

What is Bandura’s four-step process of observational learning?

A
  1. Attention - The individual notices something in the environment.
  2. Retention - The individual remembers what was noticed.
  3. Reproduction - The individual produces an action that is a copy of what was noticed.
  4. Motivation- The environment delivers a consequence that changes the probability the behaviour will be produced again.
54
Q

What are the three main types of behavioural learning?

A

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.

55
Q

What are mirror neurons ?

A

Stage 2 Psychology (3 decks)

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