Psychology of Gender Final Exam Flashcards
Men weigh ____ more heavily than do women.
physical attractivness
Women weigh ______resources more heavily than do men.
economic
Sex differences are more likely to appear when the relationship is ________
Less Serious
men and women’s preferences are most SIMILAR in ______ relationships
Serious
Gay men and lesbians are attracted to a ____ set of characteristics in potential mates as heterosexuals.
Similar
Gay men, like heterosexual men, are interested in a mate’s ___________ – more than lesbians are.
Physical attractiveness
Lesbians are not attracted to a potential mate’s______
Financial Resources
This theory States that women and men behave in ways that will maximize the survival of genes.
Evolutionary Theory
Evolutionary Theory suggests Men value ______ and youth in their mates because these are indicators of fertility
Physical Attractiveness, Youth
According to the Evolutionary Theory women prefer mates
who have a ____
because financial resources will help ensure the survival of their offspring.
High Occupational Status
These ideas are based on _____which states that women will invest more in their offspring than will men because they have less opportunity than men to reproduce.
Parental Investment Model
the idea that women will be linked to wealthy, high-status men.
Potentials-Attract Hypothesis
Weakness of Evolutionary Theory
it cannot explain men’s preference for women with domestic skills.
Eagly & Wood (1999)
Suggests that a society’s emphasis on a distinct division of labor between the sexes will be directly linked to sex differences in mate selection.
Social Role Theory
According to Social Role Theory females will value a mate with ___
High Earning Capacity
Males value a mate with
______ in societies where men’s role is to work outside the home and women’s role is to work inside the home.
Domestic Skills
Social role theory would predict that sex differences in mate preference out to
______as women and men’s roles become more ______.
Decrease, Similar
Weakness of Social Role Theory
cannot explain men’s preference for attractive mates.
Both _____ & _____
can explain why women greater economic prefer a mate with resources*
Evolutionary Theory and Social Role Theory
Argues that social norms dictate what is desirable in a mate.
Social Construction Theory
- Theory supported by cultural differences in mate preferences.
- Sex differences may be larger in more traditional cultures where men’s and women’s roles are distinct and women have less access to economic resources.
Social Construction Theory
A schema or cognitive representation of sequence of events.
Scripts
Maintenance Strategies used more by women
- Take on more household labor
- Sacrifice Personal Leisure time
- Emotional Skills
Couple Maintenance Strategies
- Cognitive Mechanisms that Reflect Accuracy and Bias
- Accommodation of Gender Role Attitudes
- Sexual Activity
The concern that there is a rival for the others affection.
Jelousy
According to evolutionary Theory,
________ should provide jealousy in women and men.
Different Situations
Women, Gay Men and Lesbians more worried about ____ infidelity
Emotional
Heterosexual Men more concerned with _____ infidelity
Sexual
State of relationship in which the ratio of what one puts in and gets out of a relationship equals that of the partner.
Equity Theory
Theory that relationship satisfaction is partly a function of the rewards and costs in the relationships.
Social Exchange Theory
Illness or Death
Morbidity
Women have higher rates of ______ starting after ________
Morbidity, Adolescence
Women perceive own health to be _____
Worse
Sex differences in morbidity first appear during _______
adolescence
Death
Mortality
Men have higher rates of
Mortality
Men die ____ than women throughout the life span
Younger
Large _____differences in mortality
RACE
Lasts a short time and is either fatal (a possibility in the case of tuberculosis or pneumonia) or nonfatal (the common cold)
Acute Illness
________suffer from more acute illnesses and more nonfatal rates chronic illnesses compared to men.
Women
Long lasting and typically does not disappear.
Can be fatal or nonfatal such as cancer and heart disease
Chronic Illness
______ are more likely to suffer from FATAL chronic illness
Men
Factors that cause sex differences to appear that do not really exist.
Artifacts
Men have lower rates of ____ (a protein involved in immune function) which may be a source of men’s greater vulnerability to disease.
immunoglobulin M
Immune function is likely to be associated with ______
sex hormones.
Women’s and men’s reactivity may be quite _____ when they feel similarly challenges or threatened.
Similar
Women are treated _____than men for cardiac disease
less aggressively
_____are more likely to be involved in individual sports and noncompetitive exercise.
Females
____ are more likely to ne involved in team sports.
Males
Suggestion that sex differences in using medical care are due to women’s greater tendency than men to adopt the “sick role”.
Sick Role Hypothesis
Supposition that women’s roles require them to attend to the needs of others, which results in fatigue, exposure to illness, and not taking care of oneself when sick.
Nurturant Role Hypothesis
Behaviors that women do more than men contribute to morbidity differences
Illness Behaviors
Quantitative dimensions
These measures typically assess the size of a social network or the number of social relations
Structural Measures (of support)
Qualitative dimensions
They address the question of what functions networks serve
Functional Measures (of support)
Suggestion that healthier people are “selected” into marriage.
Marital Selection Hypothesis
- Direct link of social support to health, regardless of level of stress.
- Marriage may promote good health behavior (exercising), decrease risk behavior (smoking), and promote early detection of disease (routine physical examines).
Main Effects of Marriage and Health
- Link of social support to health ONLY under conditions of high stress.
- During times of stress, marriage may help us perceive a stressful event as less troublesome and may provide resources to cope with stress (emotional support, financial support)
- In the face of illness, marriage may help us make the health behavior changed necessary for a successful recovery.
Buffering Effects of marriage on heaalth
o Used to explain why men suffer more than women upon widowhood.
o Implies there are differences in social support across the marital statuses, and social support provides a buffer against distress.
Interpersonal Protection Theory
State of being married has _____on men’s health than women’s because the relationship is more satisfying to men.
Greater Effect
Moderating variables in the effect of parenthood on health
- Health of the Child
- Marital Status
• Historically, rape laws in the U.S. contained this clause in their detentions of rape.
• Rape was defined as “the forcible penetration of the body of a woman, not the wife of the perpetrator”.
o It was not until 1993 that all 50 states deleted this cause.
Marital Rape Exemption Clause
o Point at which one feels uncomfortable with the adoption of some aspect of the other gender role.
o The gender tension line is that point beyond which the person can no longer change in terms of gender role and still feel masculine or feminine enough
o Ex. A man may have egalitarian views and believe both mothers and fathers should change a child’s diaper.
Gender Tension Line
- Proposition that men and women possess different roles, which are associated with different stressors and different resources.
- Ex. The extent that men are more likely than women to possess the paid worker role, and the paid worker role is associated with good mental health, women may suffer poorer mental health compared to men.
Differential Exposure Hypothesis
- Proposition that a specific role has different effects on men’s and women’s health.
- Ex. If parenthood is more central to women’s than men’s self-concepts, difficulties with children may be more strongly related to women’s than men’s health.
Differential Vulnerability Hypothesis
o Can explain effects of work on women’s health and on men’s health.
• Increased relative income has positive effect on health
• Increased family demands has negative effect on health.
Control Theory
- Idea that benefits are to be gained from having diverse roles.
- Family role provides resources to Employee Role
- Ex. Spouse gives me advice about how to solve problems at work.
- Employee role provides resources to Family Role
- Ex. Having a fulfilling job makes me a happier person at home.
Role Expansion Theory
- Condition that arises when time limitations create difficulties in fulfilling obligations for one’s roles.
- Ex. You are suffering from role overload when you feel stressed because you have three exams on Monday, a party to plan for Saturday, and a fund-raising event to attend on Sunday.
Role Overload
- Label applied to barriers to the advancement of women and minorities in organizations.
- Ex. The fact that we have never had a female president in the U.S.
- Women are less likely to have mentors.
Glass Cieling
- Term referring to the ability of men to be promoted quickly when they take positions in traditionally female fields.
- Ex. Being a Male Nurse, Social Workers, or Education.
Glass Escalator
- Explanation for the wage gap that emphasizes the different ways men and women are treated.
- The focus is on the environment.
Demand-Side Theory
- Explanation for the wage gap that emphasizes the different characteristics of male and female workers.
- The focus is on the person
Supply-Side Theory
3 levels of sexual harassment
Gender Harassment
Unwanted Sexual Attraction
Sexual Coercion
- Employer’s devaluation and limitation of job opportunities of female employees when they become parents.
- Employers view mothers as less desirable employees and provide them with fewer resources and opportunities.
Maternal Wall
• Increase in income granted to men who are married and/or have children compared to men who are single.
Marital Bonus
- Suggestion that the same factor could cause depression in both men and women, but the factor increases during adolescence only for girls.
- Ex. Imagine that a poor body image was associated with depression in girls and boys but poor body image increased among girls but not boys during adolescence.
Same Cause Theory
- Suggestion that there are different causes of girls and boys depression and the cause of girl’s depression increases during adolescence.
- Ex. Imagine poor body image is associated with depression among girls and being a poor athlete is associated with depression among boys.
- If this theory were true that a negative body image (women’s risk factor for depression) becomes more prevalent during adolescence, but being a poor athlete (men’s risk factor for depression) does not change over time.
Different Cause Theory
- Suggestion that being female always poses a risk for depression and the events of adolescence activate that risk.
- Ex. Females more concerned than males with their relationships and that unsatisfying relationships are more strongly related to girls than boy’s distress. Concern with relationship is the “female risk factor”.
Interactive Theory
Components of Learned Helplessness
- We learn an outcome is beyond our control
- We respond by living up or ceasing to respond.
- We generalize this response to new situations – perceive that future response cannot influence future outcomes.
- Refers to attempts to alter the stressor itself.
- Finding a solution to the problem, seeking the advice of others as to how to solve the problem, and coming up with a plan to approach the problem.
- Men engage most in this coping strategy
Problem Focused Coping
Refers to ways in which we accommodate ourselves to the stressor.
• Distracting oneself from the stressor, avoiding the problem, and denying the problems existences are all ways we change our reaction to the stressor rather than altering the stressor itself.
• Women engage more in this coping strategy
o There are specific coping styles related to sex
• Women seek support and ruminate in response to stress more than men.
Emotional Focused Strategies
• Which refers to how likely men or women are to use on strategy compared to another.
o Tend and Befriend
• Taylor et al., 2000
• General response to stress has been described as “fight or flight”
• Argued that this response may apply only to men and then women response to stress may be better understood as “tend and befriend”
Relative Coping
- Unrelated to depression
- Associated with less depression among individuals who are high in agency. Whereas communion is associated with more depression among individuals who are low in agency.
Communion
- Includes traits such as independent, self-confident, and persistent is related to lower levels of depression.
- Reflects a positive focus on and regard for the self.
- Increases in ____ over adolescence are associated with decreases in depression
- ____ seems to influence the relation of communion to depression.
Agency
- Focus on others to the exclusion of the self.
- Has been associated with depression.
- Can account for the sex differences in depression
Unmitigated Communion
- Gender roles becoming salient during adolescence, causing boys and girls to adhere more strongly to these roles.
- One reason that girls depression may increase during adolescence is that they become aware of the limitations of the female gender role.
Gender Intensification
- Environmental events that trigger the emergence of a disorder (e.g., depression)
- If certain environmental factors induce depression-and women face them more than men – such as poverty or high relationship strain, depression might be triggered more in women than in men
Precipitating Factors
- Innate usually biological factors that place on group (e.g., women) at greater risk for a disorder (e.g. depression) than another group.
- Hormones or genes unique to women would be susceptibility factors.
Susceptibility Factors
Women in traditional occupations are likely to suffer from what type of sexual harassment ?
Quid Pro Quo
Women in nontraditional occupations are
Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment
Sexual Harassment is most likely to occur in situations where women _____ the traditional female role
REJECT
Men are _____ to report depression because it is inconsistant with male gender role.
LESS LIKELY
components of learned helplessness
- We learn an outcome is beyond our control
- We respond by living up or easing to respond
- We generalize this response to new situations - perceive that future response cannot influence future outcomes
Increased relative income has a ______ effect on health
Positive
Increased family demands has a _____ effect on health
Negative
Most recent research has shown that sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity are dependent on the . . .
Nature of the stressor
