Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Psych Unit 1 > Psychology Modules 1-3 Definitions > Flashcards

Psychology Modules 1-3 Definitions Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Empirical Approach

A

a research based method that uses experimentation and observation

Example: when a researcher conducts an experiment to see if happy music promotes prosocial behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structuralism

A

an early school of thought, promoted by Wundt and Titchener, that used introspection to reveal the STRUCTURE of the human mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functionalism

A

An early school of thought, promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, that explored how mental and behavior processes function and how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Behaviorism

A

the view that psych (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most modern research psychologists agree with 1, but not 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

a historically significant perspective of Psychology that emphasized human growth potential (our need for love and acceptance, and the environments that nurture or limit personal growth), led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the study of mental processes that occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and problem solve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked to cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the nature-nurture issue

A

the controversial issue over the relative contributions that genes and experiences make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors; modern science agrees that traits and behaviors arise from both nature and nurture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

natural selection

A

the principle that inherited traits that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

culture

A

shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes onto the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing with the goal of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
Example: positive psychologists believe that happiness is a by-product of a pleasant and meaningful life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

the integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and socio-cultural levels of analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

levels of analysis for the biopsychosocial approach

A

the differing complementary views from biological to psychological to socio-cultural, for analyzing any phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Example: biological psychologists, developmental psychologists, cognitive psychs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Applied Research

A

a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Example: industrial-organizational psychologists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

a branch of psycology that assist people with problems in their lives (school, work, relationships) and help them achieve a better well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Psychiatry

A

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who can provide drug treatments and psychological therapy

22
Q

Community Psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact in their social environments and how social institutions, like schools and neighborhoods, affect individuals and groups

23
Q

testing effect

A

studying technique that enhances memory after retrieving instead of rereading information

24
Q

SQ3R

A

a study method with 5 steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review

25
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one had foreseen it– the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.

26
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in research study
example: human intelligence can be operationally defined as what the intelligence test measures

27
Q

replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study with different participants in different situations to see if the original, basic finding can be reproduced

28
Q

preregistration

A

publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, analyses

29
Q

meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining a body of scientific research of many studies, researchers can avoid the conflict of small samples and get a better result.

30
Q

case study

A

examines one individual or group in depth with the hope that revealing things about one individual or group will reveal things about all of us.

31
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating or controlling the situations.
example: watching chimp societies in the jungle or video tapes of child-parent conversations and habits

32
Q

survey

A

a technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a specific group, usually by getting a representative sample.
example: surveying people in 24 countries about if they believe aliens exist

33
Q

random sample

A

a sample that represents the population of whatever a researcher is studying so each member of said population can get an equal chance of includion.

34
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the extent of if two factors vary together and if they predict once another
ex: seeing if test scores predict the school’s success

35
Q

correlation coefficient

A

the direction and strength of a relationship between 2 variables.
Example: -1 to +1

36
Q

illusory correlation

A

perceiving a relationship where none exist, or perceiving a stronger-than-it-really-is-relationship
ex: opposites attract

37
Q

regression towards the mean

A

the tendency for extreme scores to fall back towards the average
ex: a student that gets very above or below average test scores will retest and get around the average

38
Q

experimental group

A

the group exposed to the treatment in an experiment or study, also the group with the independent variable

39
Q

control group

A

the group that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment, serves as a comparison to the experimental group

40
Q

random assign

A

assigning participants in an experiment to control or experimental groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing difference between participants

41
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that is manipulated, the variable whose effect is being studied

42
Q

confounding variables

A

a factor other than the factor being studies that might influence a study’s results.
ex: age, weight personality of participants

43
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

44
Q

informed consent

A

giving potential participants in an experiment enough information about a study to help them choose whether they want to participate

45
Q

debrief

A

the explanation of a study after it has been conducted – its deceptions, purpose, and participants.

46
Q

mode

A

most frequently occuring

47
Q

mean

A

average

48
Q

median

A

middle score

49
Q

range

A

difference between highest and lowest scores

50
Q

standard deviation

A

a measure of how much scores vary around the mean

51
Q

normal curve

A

a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that shows the distribution of data

52
Q

statistically significant

A

the claim that a result from data can be creditied to a specific cause.
example: this is more likely to occur when the sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is large.

Intro to Psych Unit 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions