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Intro to Psych Unit 1 > Psych Modules 20-22, 26 > Flashcards

Psych Modules 20-22, 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

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2
Q

Associative Learning

A

learning that certain events occur together, and the events can be stimuli or a response and it’s own concequence

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3
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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4
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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5
Q

operant behaviors

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence

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6
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli: the first stimulus comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus

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7
Q

neutral stimuli

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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8
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned and naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Example: the drooling (as a result of food) of Pavlov’s dogs.

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response.

example: the food that made Pavlov’s dogs drool

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10
Q

conditioned response

A

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Example: the salivation (in response to the tone)

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11
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

an originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association with an unconditioned stimulus

example: the tone (that used to be a regular tone but now triggers salivation)

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12
Q

pavlov’s 5 major conditioning processes

A

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination

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13
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage of classical conditioning where one links a neutral stimulus (tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (food) so the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

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14
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

a procedure where a conditioned stimulus (tone) in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus (light flashing), making the reaction to the original conditioned stimulus weaker

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15
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

example: when the food does not come after the tone sounds

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause

example: after several hours’ delay of the tone sounding, the dogs will drool

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17
Q

generalization

A

the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses after a response has been conditioned

example: a dog being conditioned to drool for food when pat on the head drooling when rubbed on the back

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18
Q

discrimination

A

the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli

example: acting differently at a party than at a church gathering.

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning where a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punishment

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20
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence

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21
Q

law of effect

A

a principle of Thorndike that behaviors followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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22
Q

operant chamber

A

a chamber containing an object that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward reinforcer

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23
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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24
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure where reinforcers guide behaviors toward closer approximations of the desired behaviors

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25
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus

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26
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an aversive stimulus

27
Q

primary reinforcers

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need, like getting food when hungry or having a headache go away

28
Q

conditioned reinforcers

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

example : a light in a skinner box

29
Q

variable-ratio schedules

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Example: slot-machine players and fly fishers

30
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

31
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

32
Q

partial reinforcement schedules

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time. results in slower acquisition of a response but much less extinction than continuous reinforcement

33
Q

ratio-fixed schedules

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Example: a coffee shop giving a free drink after customer buys 10 drinks

34
Q

fixed-interval schedules

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

example: checking for mail or packages as the delivery day approaches

35
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable intervals

example: a food pellet reward for pigeons pecking a key

36
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

37
Q

note to study the different definitions for basically everything in classical and operant conditioning bc ill definitely use those as a teacher

A
38
Q

preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value

39
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

40
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

41
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

42
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

43
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

44
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when we perform certain actions OR observe others doing so. it is the brain mirroring another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

45
Q

prosocial

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior

46
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

47
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about thinking, keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes.

48
Q

concepts

A

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

49
Q

prototype

A

a mental image of a category, matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

50
Q

algorithm

A

a methodical and logical procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

51
Q

heuristics

A

a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

52
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution. AHA moment

53
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignores contradictory evidence

54
Q

fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a new fixation

55
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

56
Q

intuition

A

an effortless and immediate feeling about something

57
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent prototypes and it may lead us to ignore other relevant information

58
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

59
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

60
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

61
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

62
Q

nudge

A

framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

example: saving for retirement, drinking less alcohol

63
Q

divergent thinking vs convergent thinking

A

DT is expanding the number of possible problem solutions, creative thinking that diverges in different decisions and CT is narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the best solution

Intro to Psych Unit 1 (3 decks)

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