Psychology Midterm (MC Ch. 5-7)

Question 1

According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different

a. levels of reality.
b. levels of awareness.
c. streams of awareness.
d. streams of consciousness.

Answer 1

b. levels of awareness.

Question 2

The delta-wave EEG pattern is associated with

a. dreaming.
b. deep sleep.
c. a waking state.
d. none of these states.

Answer 2

b. deep sleep.

Question 3

Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one’s biological clock?

a. The hypothalamus signals the thalamus, which in turn sends signals to the medial forebrain bundle.
b. The thalamus signals the optic chiasm, which in turn causes a release of the hormone philoxin, which activates the renal gland.
c. The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin.
d. The superior colliculus signals the thalamus, which stimulates Broca’s area.

Answer 3

c. The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin.

Question 4

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

a. electromyograph
b. circadiometer
c. electroencephalograph
d. polygraph

Answer 4

a. electromyograph

Question 5

As a person falls into deeper sleep, his pattern of brain-wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency and ____ in amplitude.

a. slower; higher
b. faster; higher
c. slower; lower
d. faster; lower

Answer 5

a. slower; higher

Question 6

A rapid EEG (beta waves), dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation go with

a. Stage 1 sleep.
b. Stage 2 sleep.
c. REM sleep.
d. relaxed wakefulness.

Answer 6

c. REM sleep.

Question 7

A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night’s sleep.

a. one
b. two
c. four
d. six

Answer 7

c. four

Question 8

Which of the following statements about napping practices is NOT accurate?

a. Napping practices vary along cultural lines.
b. Industrialization tends to undermine the siesta tradition.
c. The siesta tradition is found mostly in tropical regions.
d. The siesta tradition is generally found in most nomadic groups.

Answer 8

d. The siesta tradition is generally found in most nomadic groups.

Question 9

People who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row

a. will suffer no ill effects whatsoever.
b. need to be awakened less and less frequently as the deprivation goes on.
c. will make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep normally again.
d. will spend more time in REM sleep to compensate.

Answer 9

c. will make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep normally again.

Question 10

Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri is suffering from

a. insomnia.
b. narcolepsy.
c. sleep apnea.
d. pseudoinsomnia.

Answer 10

a. insomnia.

Question 11

Which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate?

a. Sleepwalking is generally a manifestation of underlying psychological problems.
b. It is unsafe to awaken a sleepwalker.
c. Sleepwalking typically occurs while the person is dreaming.
d. There appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking.

Answer 11

d. There appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking.

Question 12

Denise is unemployed. Over the past three years, she has been fired from 10 different positions. If you interpreted Denise’s dream of being the CEO of a Fortune 500 company as an attempt for Denise to fulfill ungratified needs from her waking life, you would be subscribing to the

a. problem-solving theory of dreams.
b. activation-synthesis theory of dreams.
c. wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.
d. neural overflow hypothesis of dreams.

Answer 12

c. wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.

Question 13

The observations that both the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing machine were inspired, in part, by dreams, provides support for the ____ theory of dreaming.

a. activation-synthesis
b. conservation of energy
c. wish-fulfillment
d. problem-solving

Answer 13

d. problem-solving

Question 14

A hypnotist is putting on a demonstration, and your friend Benjamin is thinking about volunteering. However, he is a little nervous because he is afraid he might do things while he is hypnotized that he would normally not do. Based on research into the effects of hypnosis, you should tell Benjamin

a. people will never do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider unacceptable.
b. people will often do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider unacceptable.
c. people can be induced to do things, under highly skilled and detailed hypnosis, that they would normally consider unacceptable.
d. hypnosis doesn’t really work, so he shouldn’t bother volunteering.

Answer 14

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Question 15

Dissociation refers to

a. a loss of inhibition by hypnotized subjects.
b. a hypnotized subject’s willingness to act out the hypnotist’s suggestions.
c. a splitting of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness.
d. role-playing by hypnotized subjects in response to situational cues.

Answer 15

c. a splitting of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness.

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT happen when a person is in a meditative state?

a. alpha waves become more prominent in EEG recordings
b. heart rate decreases
c. oxygen consumption increases
d. respiration rate decreases

Answer 16

c. oxygen consumption increases

Question 17

Opiates such as morphine and heroin have a capacity to

a. alleviate pain.
b. improve memory.
c. enhance sensory awareness.
d. do all of these things

Answer 17

a. alleviate pain.

Question 18

Wyatt uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects he experiences are mood swings and poor mental functioning. It is MOST likely Wyatt is using

a. LSD.
b. marijuana.
c. alcohol.
d. cocaine.

Answer 18

c. alcohol.

Question 19

A progressive decrease in one’s response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called

a. withdrawal.
b. habituation.
c. dependency.
d. tolerance.

Answer 19

d. tolerance.

Question 20

Aaron has been taking a mild amphetamine for the past four months to help him cope with being a full-time student while holding down a full-time job. Now that his classes have ended, he wants to stop taking the amphetamine, but each time he tries to skip the medication, he starts sweating and twitching. It appears that Aaron has

a. developed a drug tolerance for amphetamines.
b. become amphetamine intolerant.
c. developed a physical dependence for amphetamines.
d. habituated to the effects of amphetamines.

Answer 20

c. developed a physical dependence for amphetamines.

Question 21

Which category of psychoactive drug is best characterized as having a moderate risk for physical dependence associated with a high risk for psychological dependence?

a. cannabis
b. stimulants
c. hallucinogens
d. narcotics

Answer 21

b. stimulants

Question 22

Psychoactive drugs that are associated with a low risk of a lethal overdose include all of the following EXCEPT

a. marijuana.
b. hallucinogens.
c. sedatives.
d. cannabis.

Answer 22

c. sedatives.

Question 23

Which of the following statements regarding the study of consciousness is accurate?

a. Psychology began as the study of behavior rather than the study of consciousness.
b. John Watson and others viewed psychology as the science of consciousness.
c. The 1960s saw an increase in the study of variations of consciousness.
d. Today, psychologists are generally not interested in studying issues related to consciousness.

Answer 23

b. John Watson and others viewed psychology as the science of consciousness.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about dreams is MOST accurate?

a. Only about 75% of all people dream.
b. The reason we do not remember our dreams is that the content of the dream is repressed.
c. People cannot remember their dreams because of too much time passing between when they dreamed and when they try to recall the dream.
d. Most dreams people can remember deal with sexually oriented topics.

Answer 24

c. People cannot remember their dreams because of too much time passing between when they dreamed and when they try to recall the dream.

Question 25

Concluding that a person drinks too much because he/she is an alcoholic is an example of a. logical reasoning. b. circular reasoning. c. inductive reasoning. d. deductive reasoning.

Answer 25

b. circular reasoning.

Question 26

In Pavlov’s original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response was a. the sound of a tone. b. salivation elicited by a tone. c. the presentation of meat powder following a tone. d. salivation elicited by meat powder.

Answer 26

d. salivation elicited by meat powder.

Question 27

One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is a. the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring. b. the ringing of a telephone. c. the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate. d. the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate.

Answer 27

a. the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring.

Question 28

Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The learning process that could best account for Lyn’s fear of spiders is a. operant conditioning. b. observational learning. c. delayed reinforcement. d. classical conditioning.

Answer 28

d. classical conditioning.

Question 29

A woman reported feeling “weak in the knees” whenever she smelled Beemans gum because of the association of this smell with her first love. In this example, her “weak knees” would be a. an unconditioned response. b. a conditioned stimulus. c. an unconditioned stimulus. d. a conditioned response.

Answer 29

d. a conditioned response.

Question 30

The initial stage of learning a response is called a. extinction. b. contiguity. c. acquisition. d. conditioning.

Answer 30

c. acquisition.

Question 31

When a conditioned response shows spontaneous recovery, the rejuvenated response typically a. is weaker than the previously conditioned response. b. is stronger than the previously conditioned response. c. occurs before the conditioned stimulus. d. changes to an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 31

a. is weaker than the previously conditioned response.

Question 32

When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother used to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of a. stimulus generalization. b. stimulus discrimination. c. preparedness. d. spontaneous recovery.

Answer 32

a. stimulus generalization.

Question 33

When an organism responds to a specific conditioned stimulus and doesn’t respond to another stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, it is referred to as a. stimulus generalization. b. stimulus discrimination. c. extinction. d. spontaneous recovery.

Answer 33

b. stimulus discrimination.

Question 34

Classical conditioning is to ____ responses as operant conditioning is to ____. a. voluntary; involuntary b. reflexive; involuntary c. involuntary; reflexive d. reflexive; voluntary

Answer 34

d. reflexive; voluntary

Question 35

Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as a a. discriminative stimulus. b. reinforcer. c. conditioned response. d. conditioned stimulus.

Answer 35

b. reinforcer.

Question 36

Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced. This process is called a. modeling. b. shaping. c. discrimination. d. learning.

Answer 36

b. shaping.

Question 37

Bart used to go to his health club every day after work because he almost always saw Abigail there. For two full weeks, Abigail wasn’t at the club when Bart went there for his workout, and now Bart has stopped going to his health club. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of a. extinction. b. punishment. c. avoidance. d. resistance.

Answer 37

a. extinction.

Question 38

After owning a car with a manual transmission, Don buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. This is an example of a. acquisition. b. stimulus generalization. c. stimulus discrimination. d. shaping.

Answer 38

b. stimulus generalization.

Question 39

Primary reinforcers are effective because a. they satisfy basic biological survival needs. b. we inherently want approval for our actions. c. they have been associated with secondary reinforcers and have become reinforcing. d. the organism has learned to want them.

Answer 39

a. they satisfy basic biological survival needs.

Question 40

Katrina is trying to put a dollar bill into a vending machine in her office. Sometimes the machine will take a dollar bill on the first try, other times it can take up to five or six tries before the dollar bill is finally accepted. In this example, inserting a dollar bill into the vending machine is reinforced on a. a continuous reinforcement schedule. b. a noncontingent reinforcement schedule. c. an intermittent reinforcement schedule. d. a short-delay reinforcement schedule.

Answer 40

c. an intermittent reinforcement schedule.

Question 41

Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a basket, but the more shots he takes, the more baskets he makes. In this example, Shaquille’s shooting is being reinforced on a. a fixed-ratio schedule. b. a fixed-interval schedule. c. a variable-ratio schedule. d. a variable-interval schedule.

Answer 41

c. a variable-ratio schedule.

Question 42

When animals or humans are shifted to higher fixed-ratio schedules, which require more responses to obtain each reinforcer, the typical result is a. a decrease in the overall rate of responding. b. more pauses between responses. c. faster extinction of the operant response. d. an increase in the overall rate of responding.

Answer 42

d. an increase in the overall rate of responding.

Question 43

Every time Brianna does the dishes, her parents give her a dollar. What type of reinforcement are Brianna’s parents using? a. classical conditioning b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. negative reinforcement

Answer 43

b. positive reinforcement

Question 44

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called a. punishment. b. positive reinforcement. c. negative reinforcement. d. secondary reinforcement.

Answer 44

c. negative reinforcement.

Question 45

Escape conditioning is maintained by a. modeling. b. punishment. c. negative reinforcement. d. positive reinforcement.

Answer 45

c. negative reinforcement.

Question 46

Your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouse’s cooking. The withdrawal of attention can be categorized as a. punishment. b. observational learning. c. negative reinforcement. d. modeling.

Answer 46

a. punishment.

Question 47

The studies of Garcia and his colleagues demonstrate that rats very easily learn to associate a taste CS with a. a shock US. b. a visual US. c. an auditory US. d. a nausea-inducing US.

Answer 47

d. a nausea-inducing US.

Question 48

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because a. there was a long delay between CS and US. b. the dislike of a particular taste was operantly conditioned. c. conditioning occurred to all stimuli present when the food was consumed. d. the sense of taste seems to be relatively weak.

Answer 48

a. there was a long delay between CS and US.

Question 49

While Pavlov and Skinner viewed conditioning as a purely ____ process, learning psychologists today view conditioning as also containing a(n) ____ component. a. mechanical; cognitive b. cognitive; mechanical c. passive; active d. active; passive

Answer 49

a. mechanical; cognitive

Question 50

Imagine a husband and wife asking Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say “please” and “thank you.” Which of the following would Bandura be MOST likely to suggest? a. Punish the child when she fails to say “please” and “thank you” b. Give the child positive reinforcement for saying “please” and “thank you” c. Use negative reinforcement and withhold the requested item until the child says “please” d. Consistently say “please” and “thank you” in your interactions with each other and others

Answer 50

d. Consistently say “please” and “thank you” in your interactions with each other and others

Question 51

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines a. perception. b. processing. c. attention. d. sensation.

Answer 51

c. attention.

Question 52

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes? a. Structural encoding b. Mnemonic encoding c. Semantic encoding d. Phonemic encoding

Answer 52

c. Semantic encoding

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a method to enrich encoding of to-be-stored information? a. Motivation to remember b. Visual imagery c. Rote memorization d. Elaboration

Answer 53

c. Rote memorization

Question 54

Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur of color. She can only make out the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. The blurred image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving results from the way in which a. flashbulb memories are formed. b. episodic memory is encoded. c. sensory memory works. d. rehearsal works in short-term memory.

Answer 54

c. sensory memory works.

Question 55

As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using a. chunking to increase the capacity of her short-term memory. b. rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory. c. filtering to temporarily bloc other information out of short-term memory. d. acoustic encoding to process the names semantically.

Answer 55

b. rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory.

Question 56

Chunking involves a. the internal repetition of material a person is trying to remember. b. forming connections between new information and information already in memory. c. creating visual images of information to be stored in memory. d. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.

Answer 56

d. rearranging incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns.

Question 57

When you mentally picture the road between your house and school, you are relying on which component of working memory? a. The visuospatial sketchpad b. The conceptual hierarchy c. The rehearsal loop d. The executive control system

Answer 57

a. The visuospatial sketchpad

Question 58

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called a. episodic memories. b. flashbulb memories. c. sensory memories. d. nondeclarative memories.

Answer 58

b. flashbulb memories.

Question 59

Adan has been trying to recall the name of the musical artist who released the song that was #1 when he was 14. Adan feels somewhat frustrated because he is certain he knows the artist’s name, but he just can’t seem to recall it at this moment. Adan is experiencing something referred to as a. retrograde amnesia. b. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. c. proactive interference. d. a source-monitoring error.

Answer 59

b. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 60

Often individuals are not able to answer a straightforward question such as, “Who was president after Richard Nixon?”, but they can remember the answer (Gerald Ford) when given a hint such as, “He has the same name as a type of car.” The hint serves as a a. tip-of-the-tongue cue. b. semantic cue. c. rehearsal cue. d. retrieval cue.

Answer 60

d. retrieval cue.

Question 61

Jack and Sophia are debating a recent news story. Sophia finally decides to bring in the latest issue of the Weekly Bulletin to show Jack that she is correct, but now she can’t find the story and wonders where else she might have read it. In this example, Sophia a. appears to have made a reality-monitoring error. b. is showing the misinformation error. c. is experiencing proactive interference. d. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.

Answer 61

d. has apparently made a source-monitoring error.

Question 62

In studies of forgetting, the retention interval is the length of time a. between the presentation of stimuli and the complete forgetting of the information. b. between the presentation of stimuli and the measurement of forgetting. c. during which the stimulus material is available to be studied by the subjects. d. over which the subject has 100 percent recall of the material.

Answer 62

b. between the presentation of stimuli and the measurement of forgetting.

Question 63

Savings scores are associated with the ____ method of measuring forgetting. a. recognition b. retention c. recall d. relearning

Answer 63

d. relearning

Question 64

____ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information a. Retroactive interference b. Proactive interference c. Retrograde amnesia d. Anterograde amnesia

Answer 64

a. Retroactive interference

Question 65

Ivan’s bank assigned him a personal identification number (PIN) of 8624 when he was first issued his credit card. Last week, a different company bought out the credit card division and issued him a new PIN of 9317. If Ivan experiences proactive interference when he enters his PIN, you would expect that he will enter the digits a. 9317, his new PIN. b. 9324, using the last two digits of his old number in error. c. 8617, using the first two digits of his old number in error. d. 8624, his old PIN.

Answer 65

d. 8624, his old PIN.

Question 66

Anna is currently 55 years old. When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke. At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover. Today, Anna has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital. According to Freud, Anna may be a. showing signs of proactive interference. b. experiencing retrograde amnesia. c. suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome. d. using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness.

Answer 66

d. using repression to push the memories out of her conscious awareness.

Question 67

Research demonstrates that the recovered memories of sexual abuse most likely to be corroborated are those that are recovered a. as a result of hypnosis. b. gradually over a long period of therapy. c. quickly and spontaneously. d. through age regression.

Answer 67

c. quickly and spontaneously.

Question 68

Faith had brain surgery to remove a small tumor from her temporal lobe. While recovering from the surgery, Faith appeared to be fine, and she was able to talk about events from both her childhood and just before the surgery. However, she really cannot remember anything that has happened since the surgery. Faith’s memory difficulties are consistent with those seen in a. retrograde amnesia. b. cryptomnesia. c. anterograde amnesia. d. pseudoforgetting.

Answer 68

c. anterograde amnesia.

Question 69

Animal studies show that manipulations that suppress neurogenesis lead to a. enhanced learning on many types of tasks. b. organic anterograde amnesia. c. nonorganic retrograde amnesia. d. memory impairments on many types of learning tasks.

Answer 69

d. memory impairments on many types of learning tasks.

Question 70

Dave is reminiscing about the first car he owned in high school and how he felt the first time he drove it through town. This information is stored in his a. procedural memory. b. non-declarative memory. c. episodic memory. d. semantic memory.

Answer 70

c. episodic memory.

Question 71

Dennis is reminiscing about the trip he took with his parents to visit the house where his father grew up. He can still remember the wide front porch with the swing and the big trees in the backyard. As Dennis recalls this trip, he is relying on his a. retrospective memory. b. semantic memory. c. procedural memory. d. prospective memory.

Answer 71

a. retrospective memory.

Question 72

Distributed practice refers to learning a. through several different senses. b. over several sessions. c. all at once. d. from several different sources.

Answer 72

b. over several sessions.

Question 73

Using the phrase “Every good boy does fine” to remember the order of musical notes is an example of a(n) a. narrative. b. acrostic. c. rhyme. d. acronym.

Answer 73

b. acrostic.

Question 74

The fact that recall by eyewitnesses can be distorted by information introduced after the event by police officers, attorneys, etc., is BEST explained by which of the following? a. The misinformation effect b. The serial-position effect c. Errors in source monitoring d. Memory reconstruction

Answer 74

a. The misinformation effect

Question 75

It is very easy to recall the name of your high school because it has been subjected to extensive a. deep processing. b. clustering. c. chunking. d. rehearsal.

Answer 75

d. rehearsal.