Psychology Midterm (Ch. 5 definitions, terms, people, etc.) Flashcards
Awareness of internal and external stimuli
Consciousness
Device that monitors electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
EEG (electroencepahlograph)
Sleep stages 1 through 4, marked by absence of rapid eye movements,relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity
Non-REM sleep
Theory of dreaming proposing that dreams are side effects of neural activation that produces beta brain waves during REM sleep associated with wakefulness
Activation-synthesis model
Person behind theory with the activation-synthesis model
J. Allan Hobson
Systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestability
Hypnosis
Drug dependence where a person must continue taking a drug to avoid withdrawal illnes
Physical dependence
Drug dependence where a person must continue taking a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving
Psychological dependence
Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
Learning
Learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment
Conditioning
Type of learning where a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus
Classical conditioning
Changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli
Evaluative conditioning
Initial stage of learning a new response tendency
Acquisition
An organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus generalization
A conditioned stimulus functioning like it is an unconditioned stimulus
Higher-order conditioning
Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to presentation of reinforcers
Reinforcement contingencies
Device that creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time
Cumulative recorder
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probably consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response
Discriminative stimuli
Specific pattern of reinforcers over time
Schedule of reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement that occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement where a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
Intermittent reinforcement
A reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
Fixed-ratio schedule
A reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
Variable-ratio schedule
A reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Fixed-interval schedule
A reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a variable time interval has elapsed
Variable-interval schedule
An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
Escape learning
An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring
Avoidance learning
Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Preparedness
Accidental strengthening of a response by a reinforcer that follows it, even though delivery of the reinforcer was not a result of the response
(Superstitious behavior)
Noncontingent reinforcement
Four components of observational learning
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
Shallow processing that focuses on physical structure of stimulus
Structural encoding
Processing that focuses on what a word sounds like
Phonemic encoding
Processing that emphasizes meaning of verbal input and thinking about the objects and actions the words represent
Semantic encoding
Theory proposing that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
Levels-of-processing theory
Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Elaboration
Theory proposing that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall
Dual-coding theory
Organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event
Schema
Phenomenon where particpants’ recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information
Misinformation effect
Proportion of material retained (remembered)
Retention
Length of time between presentation of materials o b remembered and the measurement of forgetting
Retention interval
Method of measuring forgetting that requires a participant to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
Relearning measure
New information impairing retention of previously learned information
Retroactive interference
Previously learned information impairing retention of new information
Proactive interference
The value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to memory code
Encoding specificity principle
Memory loss of events that happened before the injury
Retrograde amnesia
Memory loss of events that happen after the injury
Anterograde amnesia
Hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory
Consolidation
Memory system that handles factual information
Declarative memory system
Memory system that houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses
Nondeclarative memory system
Memory system that contains chronological recollections of personal experiences
Episodic memory system
Memory system that contains general knowledge not tied to when the information was learned
Semantic memory system
