Psychology Midterm Exam Notes; Second Half Unit

Question 1

A knife is a better example of the weapon category than a string. A knife is a…

Answer 1

prototype

Question 2

On a standard bell curve, what is the approximate percentage of individuals who score between 85 and 115 on a Wechsler intelligence test?

Answer 2

68%

Question 3

Who developed the first modern intelligence test in order to determine whether schoolchildren needed special instruction?

Answer 3

Alfred Binet

Question 4

Dr. Gupte wants to design a test to measure a student’s knowledge of psychology and to compare the student to others across the country. She wants to test it on a representative sample of students across the country first, using the exact same procedures in each place. What would best describe this step of the process?

Answer 4

standardizing the exam

Question 5

What syndrome did Howard Gardner use to support his theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 5

savant

Question 6

What statistical measure helps researchers identify clusters of items that measure a common ability?

Answer 6

factor analysis

Question 7

Charles Spearman believed that there was a factor underlying all components of intelligence. What is that factor called?

Answer 7

g factor (think “g for general”)

Question 8

What is an intelligence test designed to measure?

Answer 8

aptitude

Question 9

What is the best way to predict a newborn infant’s future intelligence?

Answer 9

identify the parents’ IQ scores

Question 10

Joey, who is twenty-seven years old, has achieved academically to about the second-grade level and can work in a workshop with direct supervision. What is Joey’s probable level of intellectual disability?

Answer 10

moderate

Question 11

A student who is at the extreme high end of intelligence is bound to have social difficulties and not be able to adjust well. Is this statement true or false?

Answer 11

false

Question 12

An individual with intellectual disability caused by an extra chromosome may have what disorder?

Answer 12

down syndrome

Question 13

What quality of aptitude tests requires that they predict future achievement?

Answer 13

criterion-related validity

Question 14

Jane finds that her calculus exam asks about Freud and Jung, who haven’t been discussed in her calculus class before. What is this test lacking?

Answer 14

content validity

Question 15

If a test does not obtain consistent results from the same individual at two different times, it is lacking what important component?

Answer 15

test-retest reliability

Question 16

A test can have reliability without validity. Is this statement true or false?

Answer 16

true

Question 17

What type of test would you take to test out of a college class, because you already learned the material in high school?

Answer 17

achievement

Question 18

Robert Sternberg said that there are three aspects of intelligence. Which type of intelligence helps us to solve novel problems?

Answer 18

practical intelligence

Question 19

What type of speech are we hearing when Stephen says, “Gimme cat”?

Answer 19

telegraphic speech

Question 20

Genie was a wild child who was unable to learn language after being isolated without language. This case supports the

Answer 20

theory that there is a critical period in language acquisition

Question 21

What term describes Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think about our world?

Answer 21

linguistic determinism

Question 22

What theorist and school of thought suggested that individuals acquire language through imitating the noises they hear and repeating those sounds when they get the reinforcement of smiling?

Answer 22

Skinner; behaviorist

Question 23

Brian took his watch apart to fix it, but he doesn’t remember how to put it back together. He decides to try every combination. What problem-solving strategy is he using?

Answer 23

algorithm

Question 24

Timmy needs to get a coin out of a drain grate. He ponders the problem and cannot come up with a solution. However, as he walks away, he suddenly thinks about putting gum on the end of a stick. What problem-solving strategy just occurred for Timmy?

Answer 24

insight

Question 25

On the TV show MacGyver, the character was able to solve all kinds of problems by using everyday objects like clothes hangers and pens to create ingenious designs. Which tendency did MacGyver obviously not suffer from?

Answer 25

mental set

Question 26

Janna’s MP3 player stopped working. The last time it stopped working, it was broken and could not be reset. Janna assumed that this was the case again and put it back into the box to be returned without noticing that the battery was upside down. This an example of

Answer 26

availability heuristic

Question 27

What term describes our tendency to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to match our prototypes?

Answer 27

representativeness heuristic

Question 28

What process does a person use in voting for a presidential candidate after only hearing the candidate on the news and not exploring the candidate’s beliefs?

Answer 28

heuristics

Question 29

What term describes the way a question is posed or presented?

Answer 29

framing

Question 30

Our tendency to stick to our beliefs no matter what contradictory evidence is presented is called

Answer 30

belief perseverance

Question 31

Cognition

Answer 31

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 32

Concept

Answer 32

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 33

Prototype

Answer 33

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

Question 34

Algorithm

Answer 34

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics. It is a step-by-step procedure. It can be exhausting, though.

Question 35

Heuristic

Answer 35

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone.

Question 36

Insight

Answer 36

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 37

Confirmation bias

Answer 37

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. (we are looking for confirmation)

Question 38

Who demonstrated confirmation bias?

Answer 38

Peter Wason

Question 39

Fixation

Answer 39

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

Question 40

What is an example of a fixation?

Answer 40

mental set

Question 41

Mental set

Answer 41

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 42

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 42

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particularly prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. Can become stereotypes. For example, if someone tells you about a short, slim, and poetry-loving person, you would never guess that person might be a truck driver. You’d assume that person might be a professor at a university.

Question 43

Availability heuristic

Answer 43

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. For example, if someone was in a recent car wreck, they would be more afraid to drive for fear of getting in another wreck, even though the odds of that happening are very low.

Question 44

Overconfidence

Answer 44

the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Question 45

Belief perseverance

Answer 45

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 46

Intuition

Answer 46

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 47

Framing

Answer 47

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 48

The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n)…

Answer 48

algorithm

Question 49

When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as “75% lean” than to the same product labeled “25% fat”, they have been influenced by…

Answer 49

framing

Question 50

Language

Answer 50

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 51

Receptive language

Answer 51

the ability to comprehend speech

Question 52

Productive language

Answer 52

the ability to produce words

Question 53

Babbling stage

Answer 53

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Question 54

One-word stage

Answer 54

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 55

Two-word stage

Answer 55

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Question 56

Telegraphic speech

Answer 56

early speech stage (also begins at about age 2) in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car” - using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 57

Behaviorist B.F. Skinner believed we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as…

Answer 57

association, imitation, and reinforcement

Question 58

Linguistic determinism

Answer 58

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Question 59

Intelligence

Answer 59

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Question 60

Who believed we have one general intelligence?

Answer 60

Charles Spearman

Question 61

General (g) intelligence

Answer 61

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. For example, if you can run fast, then you have enough strength to lift a weight, and therefore, have enough eye-hand coordination required to throw a ball on target.

Question 62

Factor analysis

Answer 62

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score. (think back to the athlete analogy again; see general intelligence)

Question 63

Savant syndrome

Answer 63

a condition, according to Howard Gardner, in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing.

Question 64

4 in 5 people with savant syndrome are males. True or false?

Answer 64

true

Question 65

A general intelligence score is the overall rating, rather than the specific information. True or false?

Answer 65

true

Question 66

What are Gardner’s Eight Intelligences?

Answer 66

linguistic (poetry), logical-mathematical (science), musical (composer), spatial (artist), bodily-kinesthetic (dancer), intrapersonal (self) (psychiatrist), interpersonal (others) (leader), and naturalist (naturalist)

Question 67

Gardner’s Eight Intelligences believed what was the key to intelligence?

Answer 67

success

Question 68

Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of three intelligences:

Answer 68

analytical intelligence (problem-solving), creative intelligence, and practical intelligence

Question 69

Analytical intelligence

Answer 69

is assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer

Question 70

Creative intelligence

Answer 70

is demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas

Question 71

Practical intelligence

Answer 71

is required for everyday tasks, which may be ill-defined, with multiple solutions

Question 72

Creativity

Answer 72

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 73

Convergent thinking

Answer 73

thinking that demands a single correct answer

Question 74

Injury to what part of the brain prevents convergent thinking?

Answer 74

left parietal lobe

Question 75

Divergent thinking

Answer 75

used on creativity tests; example: “how many uses can you think of for a brick?”

Question 76

Injury to what areas of the brain destroy imagination?

Answer 76

frontal lobes

Question 77

What are Sternberg’s five components of creativity?

Answer 77

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personalty, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment

Question 78

Expertise

Answer 78

a well-developed base of knowledge, furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases we use as mental building blocks

Question 79

Imaginative thinking skills

Answer 79

provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections.

Question 80

A venturesome personality

Answer 80

seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles. Example: Thomas Edison tried countless substances before finding the right one for his lightbulb.

Question 81

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 81

being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures

Question 82

A creative environment

Answer 82

sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas.

Question 83

Emotional intelligence

Answer 83

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Question 84

Intelligence test

Answer 84

a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

Question 85

Mental age

Answer 85

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

Question 86

Stanford-Binet

Answer 86

the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test

Question 87

What was Binet’s greatest fear about his intelligence test?

Answer 87

that it would be used to label children and limit their opportunities

Question 88

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 88

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Question 89

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Answer 89

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence tests; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Question 90

Standardization

Answer 90

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Question 91

Normal curve

Answer 91

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. (About 95% of all people fall within 30 points of 100 and about 68% of people score within 15 points above or below 100).

Question 92

Reliability (consistency)

Answer 92

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on resetting.

Question 93

Split-half reliability

Answer 93

splitting the test in half to see whether odd-question scores and even-question scores agree

Question 94

Test-retest reliability

Answer 94

checking a test’s reliability by retesting people and comparing the scores

Question 95

Validity (inaccuracy)

Answer 95

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to (Example, if you use an inaccurate tape measure to measure people’s heights, your height report would have high reliability, but low validity or inaccuracy)

Question 96

Content validity

Answer 96

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (Example, course exams have content validity if they assess one’s mastery of a representative sample of course material)

Question 97

Predictive validity

Answer 97

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

Question 98

What is the best predictor of future achievements?

Answer 98

past grades

Question 99

The WAIS is best able to tell us…

Answer 99

how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and reasoning

Question 100

The Stanford-Binet, the WAIS, and the WISC are known to have very high reliability (about +.9). This means that…

Answer 100

the test yields consistent results, for example on re-testing

Question 101

What are the degrees of intellectual disability?

Answer 101

mild, moderate, severe, and profound

Question 102

Mild level

Answer 102

intelligence scores are 50-70. The person may learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.

Question 103

Moderate level

Answer 103

intelligence scores are 35-50. The person may progress to second-grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops.

Question 104

Severe level

Answer 104

intelligence scores are 20-35. The person may learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision, but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.

Question 105

Profound level

Answer 105

intelligence scores are below 20. The person requires constant aid and supervision.

Question 106

Do people who share the same genes also share comparable mental abilities?

Answer 106

yes

Question 107

What are some true facts about twin intelligence?

Answer 107

The intelligence test scores of identical twins reared together are virtually as similar as those of a person taking the same test twice. Also, brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar gray matter volume, and that their brains (unlike those of fraternal twins) are virtually the same in areas associated with verbal and spatial intelligence.

Question 108

Heritability

Answer 108

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Question 109

Psychologically speaking, females are generally better at…

Answer 109

spelling, verbal ability (they excel at verbal fluency and remembering words), nonverbal memory (they have an edge in remembering and locating objects), sensation (more sensitive to touch, taste, and odor), and emotion-detecting

Question 110

Are males or females better at math?

Answer 110

on math tests given to more than 3 million representatively sampled people in 100 independent studies, males and females obtained nearly identical scores. However, females displayed an edge in math computation, while males scored higher in math problem solving.

Question 111

Do males or females excel in spatial abilities?

Answer 111

Males do. Exposure to high levels of male sex hormones during the prenatal period enhances spatial abilities.

Question 112

What are some more facts about men vs. women when it comes to intelligence?

Answer 112

Women excel at: verbal fluency, rapid math calculations, and remembering objects’ spatial positions.
Men excel at: verbal analogies, rapid math reasoning, and remembering geometric layouts.

Question 113

Stereotype threat

Answer 113

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. (Example, blacks will score higher when tested by blacks than they do when tested by whites, and vice versa).

Question 114

A researcher who spends most of her time investigating what people want and what directs them to behave in a particular way is primarily involved in research on…

Answer 114

motivation

Question 115

Piaget believed that rooting, sucking, and grasping are innate tendencies that are unlearned. He believed that these tendencies are…

Answer 115

instincts

Question 116

In elementary school, a student who does something good may be given a gold star next to his name. What does the star represent?

Answer 116

incentive

Question 117

Johnny is walking through the desert without any water and is incredibly thirsty. What theory best explains his desire to drink and then the need to stop when satisfied?

Answer 117

drive-reduction theory

Question 118

According to Abraham Maslow, we cannot think about satisfying our safety needs until we have satisfied an appropriate amount of…

Answer 118

physiological needs

Question 119

What is the highest need that people strive for, according to Maslow?

Answer 119

self-actualization

Question 120

Even with all our basic biological needs met, we still seek out stimulation. What theory of motivation attempts to explain this phenomenon?

Answer 120

arousal theory

Question 121

Even if Kevin has his stomach removed, he will still feel hunger. What part of Kevin’s brain is very involved in determining the feeling of hunger?

Answer 121

hypothalamus

Question 122

Peggy has a rising insulin level, and she begins to feel hungry. What is triggering this feeling of hunger?

Answer 122

a declining blood glucose level

Question 123

Destruction of which part of the brain causes overeating?

Answer 123

ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 124

When Valerie’s weight goes below her set point, what is she likely to experience?

Answer 124

increase in hunger and decrease in basal metabolic rate

Question 125

What hormone is secreted by the stomach and sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain?

Answer 125

ghrelin

Question 126

Janet is extremely anxious about work and finds herself craving carbohydrates. Which neurotransmitter will the carbohydrates release that promotes a calming influence and can help elevate her mood?

Answer 126

serotonin

Question 127

Julie, a 15-year-old, has suddenly dropped about 15 percent of her body weight. She is obsessive about everything related to food and refuses to eat most of it. What disorder does Julie most likely have?

Answer 127

anorexia nervosa

Question 128

Theresa is very concerned about her weight and has been trying to diet. She finds that she has uncontrollable urges to consume huge amounts of food, feels guilty, and then takes laxatives or vomits. Her weight has not dropped dramatically, but she has begun to develop more cavities than usual. What disorder is Theresa most likely to have?

Answer 128

bulimia

Question 129

Who is most likely to develop eating disorders?

Answer 129

women from Western cultures

Question 130

Which statement(s) regarding fat cells is (are) true?

Answer 130

Once the number of fat cells increases, it will never decrease. Fat cells are there because of genetic predisposition. Fat cells can increase due to childhood and adult overeating patterns.

Question 131

If Ruth is obese and puts herself on a major diet of calorie reduction, her body will think she is starving and will slow down her metabolism. Is this statement true or false?

Answer 131

true

Question 132

In the sexual response cycle, what comes right before the orgasm?

Answer 132

plateau

Question 133

During the final phase of the sexual response cycle, a male may experience a period of time when he cannot achieve another orgasm. What is this time called?

Answer 133

the refractory period

Question 134

Which sexual disorder is related to being unable to attain or maintain an erection?

Answer 134

erectile dysfunction

Question 135

Research has indicated that male viewers who watch a female being sexually coerced and depicted as enjoying it tend to decrease their acceptance of the idea that women enjoy rape and decrease their willingness to hurt women. Is this statement true or false?

Answer 135

false

Question 136

An individual who is sexually attracted to the same sex is said to have what type of sexual orientation?

Answer 136

homosexual

Question 137

Leslie is willing to put up with her alcoholic, abusive husband rather than risk being lonely. This illustrates a danger of which need?

Answer 137

belonging

Question 138

Research has indicated that which of the following is (are) true?

Answer 138

Those who have bonds with others are healthier and happier and have a better chance of survival. In order to make and maintain bonds, we conform to a majority group behavior and spend a lot of money on the right clothes.

Question 139

Harold has always had a hard time making friends. He and Ed are going bowling and playing computer games together. Ed insists on deciding what they’ll do and usually demands that Harold pay for the activity. Harold is willing to do it because he likes having someone to do things with. This illustrates a danger of which need?

Answer 139

belonging

Question 140

What best explains the drive-reduction theory?

Answer 140

it is when our physiological needs create an aroused tension state that motivates an individual to satisfy that need.

Question 141

What is the sex hormone predominantly secreted by females?

Answer 141

estrogen

Question 142

Prepubertal males who were castrated do not develop normal sexual characteristics or normal sexual drive. What sex hormone is depleted?

Answer 142

testosterone

Question 143

What is the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure called?

Answer 143

basal metabolic rate

Question 144

Motivation

Answer 144

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 145

Instinct

Answer 145

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 146

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 146

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

Question 147

Homeostasis

Answer 147

the aim of the drive-reduction theory. A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. (Example, the body’s temperature-regulation system, which works like a room thermostat. If the room temperature cools, the thermostat’s controls trigger a switch that turns on the furnace. If our body temperature cools, blood vessels constrict to conceiver warmth.)

Question 148

Incentive

Answer 148

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 149

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 149

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Question 150

From the base to the top, what are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Answer 150

Physiological needs (need to satisfy hunger and thirst), safety needs (need to feel the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe), belongingness and love needs (need to love and be loved), esteem needs (need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence), self-actualization needs (need to live up to our fullest and unique potential), and self-transcendence needs (need to find meaning and identity beyond the self).

Question 151

Which theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs?

Answer 151

the arousal theory

Question 152

The effects of external incentives, such as the smell of baking bread, are best explained in terms of…

Answer 152

individual learning histories

Question 153

Glucose

Answer 153

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry.

Question 154

Insulin

Answer 154

secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose. Increases in this hormone diminish blood glucose.

Question 155

Orexin

Answer 155

secreted by hypothalamus; triggers hunger

Question 156

Ghrelin

Answer 156

secreted by empty stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain

Question 157

Obestatin

Answer 157

secreted by stomach; sends “I’m full” signals to the brain

Question 158

PYY

Answer 158

secreted by digestive tract; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain

Question 159

Leptin

Answer 159

secreted by fat cells; sends signals to the brain diminishing the rewarding pleasure of food

Question 160

Lateral hypothalamus

Answer 160

activity along this brings on hunger. If electrically stimulated, well-fed animals begin to eat. If destroyed, even starving animals have no interest in food. Manages orexin.

Question 161

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 161

the lower mid-hypothalamus. It depresses hunger. Stimulate this area and an animal will stop eating; destroy it and the opposite occurs.

Question 162

Set point

Answer 162

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Question 163

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 163

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 164

What percent of Americans are overweight?

Answer 164

66%

Question 165

Obese

Answer 165

a body mass index of 30 or more

Question 166

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 166

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Question 167

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 167

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Question 168

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 168

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Question 169

What problems come with obesity?

Answer 169

diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer. Women who are obese can also get Alzheimer’s disease and brain tissue loss.

Question 170

How does hunger occur?

Answer 170

in response to high blood insulin, low blood glucose, and high levels of ghrelin

Question 171

Sexual response cycle

Answer 171

the four stages of sexual responding described my Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 172

Excitement phase

Answer 172

genitals become engorged with blood

Question 173

Plateau phase

Answer 173

breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase

Question 174

Orgasm

Answer 174

muscle contractions all over the body

Question 175

Resolution

Answer 175

the male enters the refractory period

Question 176

Refractory period

Answer 176

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 177

Sexual disorder

Answer 177

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Question 178

Estrogens

Answer 178

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics.

Question 179

Testosterone

Answer 179

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 180

What causes teen pregnancy?

Answer 180

ignorance, minimal communication about birth control, guilt related to sexual activity, alcohol use, and mass media norms of unprotected sex.

Question 181

What percent of 14 to 19 year-old U.S. females have STIs?

Answer 181

39.5%

Question 182

What are some predictors of sexual restraint?

Answer 182

High intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and participation in service learning programs

Question 183

Sexual orientation

Answer 183

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexuality) or the other sex (heterosexuality)

Question 184

Erotic plasticity

Answer 184

in men, a high sex drive is associated with increased attraction to women. In women, a high sex drive is associated with increased attraction to both men and women.

Question 185

One striking effect of hormonal changes on human sexual behavior is the…

Answer 185

sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty.

Question 186

A new driver starts hydroplaning and loses control of the car. His increased emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by

Answer 186

increased blood glucose levels

Question 187

Laura is taking her SAT on Saturday to determine whether she will get into an Ivy League school. Her performance will be best if she is at what level of physiological arousal?

Answer 187

moderate

Question 188

What happens to the heart as the parasympathetic system is activated?

Answer 188

heartbeat slows

Question 189

The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more electrically active when people experience what type of emotions?

Answer 189

negative emotions

Question 190

If Brad and Jen want to feel greater affection for each other, what should they do most?

Answer 190

look into each others’ eyes

Question 191

What will happen if your facial muscles are taped into a fearful expression while driving too fast?

Answer 191

You will have increased feelings of fear.

Question 192

The neural pathways of some of the emotions bypass the cortex, in order to speed up our emotional reaction. Where in the brain does much of that information go after the thalamus?

Answer 192

amygdala

Question 193

If a school principal believes that watching violent TV programs helps students alleviate their feelings of anger through fantasy, what idea does the principal support?

Answer 193

catharsis hypothesis

Question 194

After receiving an excellent evaluation at work, Amanda is more likely to agree to help a friend move. What does this illustrate?

Answer 194

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Question 195

Tobias was happy with his bonus of $5,000 until he found out that everyone else got a bonus of $10,000. This shows that happiness is influenced by…

Answer 195

relative deprivation

Question 196

Alex’s mother told him, “When your heart is pounding and you are sweating, then you know you are frightened.” What theory of emotion does she support?

Answer 196

James-Lange theory

Question 197

What does the Cannon-Bard theory say about experiencing emotions?

Answer 197

The arousal and the emotion happen at the same time.

Question 198

According to the two-factor theory, there are two basic components of emotions. They are physical arousal and…

Answer 198

cognitive levels

Question 199

What releases the stress hormones of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 199

adrenal glands

Question 200

According to psychologists, what is the primary cause of stress?

Answer 200

how we appraise life events

Question 201

During what stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to sickness?

Answer 201

exhaustion

Question 202

Juan, an air traffic controller, has been under tremendous stress for the last ten years. Juan is now mentally, physically, and emotionally exhausted. What is Juan suffering from?

Answer 202

burnout

Question 203

If two people are exposed to the same events, who will most likely experience more stress?

Answer 203

the person who believes that he/she does not have any control over the events

Question 204

Individuals who are supermotivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered have what type of personality?

Answer 204

Type A

Question 205

Julia was excited when she found out that she was admitted to Yale University. After several weeks, she found that she was no longer excited when she thought about her admittance to Yale. What explains this change in her feelings?

Answer 205

adaptation-level phenomenon

Question 206

During an emergency, we are likely to experience arousal in what system?

Answer 206

sympathetic nervous system

Question 207

Tom is most likely to get Penelope to help him mow the lawn when…

Answer 207

Penelope gets a major promotion at work

Question 208

Facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotions. What theory does this support?

Answer 208

James-Lange theory

Question 209

When her husband does not come home when expected, Marguerite is afraid that he has been in a shooting accident. Her heart and respiration are at an extremely high level. Which system has been activated?

Answer 209

sympathetic

Question 210

Children blind from birth have the same general facial expressions as sighted children. Is this statement true or false?

Answer 210

true

Question 211

A therapist tells Kim that she can reduce her feelings of anger at Mark by ripping up pictures of him. What does her therapist believe in?

Answer 211

catharsis hypothesis

Question 212

Stress increases our chances for disease and can make which of the following illnesses worse?

Answer 212

cancer, heart disease risk, and AIDs

Question 213

What machine measures physiological responses that accompany emotion and is often used to detect lies?

Answer 213

polygraph

Question 214

Harriet and her friend Lisa were on the track team. Harriet shaved 3 full seconds off her time on the 50 meter sprint. She felt great about it until she told Lisa, who had shaved off 10 seconds and now had a much better time than Harriet. What explains Harriet?s disappointment with her achievement?

Answer 214

relative deprivation principle

Question 215

What term describes a “mind-body” illness or any stress-related physical illness?

Answer 215

psychophysiological

Question 216

Emotion

Answer 216

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) consciously experienced thoughts and feelings.

Question 217

James-Lange theory

Answer 217

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (first comes a physiological response, then, as we observe that response, comes our experienced emotion)

Question 218

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 218

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) subjective experience of emotion (your heart begins pounding as you experience fear).

Question 219

Two-factor theory

Answer 219

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal (example, “I’m afraid”)