Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Conservation of Our Natural Resources > Conservation of Our Natural Resources Midterm Exam Notes > Flashcards

Conservation of Our Natural Resources Midterm Exam Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are natural resources? Why are they important?

A

Natural resources are resources found in nature. They are important because some of them are essential to the survival of mankind, while others are important to maintaining our standard of living.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the eight groups of natural resources.

A

Wildlife, air and wind, soil, water, minerals, fossil fuels, sunlight, and people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is domestication?

A

It means bringing animals and plants under the control of humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most important component of air? Why?

A

Oxygen. It is required by just about all living things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is wind power?

A

Harnessing air movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the source of nearly all energy used on the earth?

A

The sun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are people listed as natural resources?

A

Because people have many talents and skills. They can use the earth’s resources wisely or abuse and damage resources. The lives of people are influenced by how they use resources and relate to one another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is renewability?

A

The capacity of resource to be restored after it has been used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are two classes of natural resources based on renewability?

A

Renewable natural resources and nonrenewable natural resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is exhaustibility?

A

The capacity of a resource supply to be replenished as it is used.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two classes of natural resources based on exhaustibility?

A

Exhaustible and inexhaustible natural resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is sustainable resource use? How does it relate to conservation?

A

It means using resources in such a way that they last a long time. Conservation is using resources wisely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Preservation

A

maintaining resources without use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wildlife

A

living organisms that haven’t been domesticated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wind

A

large-scale air movement across the surface of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Water

A

a colorless and tasteless liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Soil

A

the outer layer of the earth’s surface that supports plant life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Renewable natural resources

A

a resource that can be replaced when it is used up (examples: air, soil, and wildlife)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nonrenewable natural resources

A

cannot be replaced when used (examples: minerals such as gold, fossil fuels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fossil fuels

A

materials used to provide energy that were created by the decomposition of dead plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a solid form of a fossil fuel?

A

coal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a liquid form of a fossil fuel?

A

petroleum, which is used to make gasoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is one big problem with fossil fuels?

A

they are major sources of pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Exhaustible natural resources

A

natural resources that are available in limited amounts that can be used up (examples: minerals and fossil fuels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Exhaustible resources can be further placed in which two categories?

A

Irreplaceable and replaceable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Inexhaustible resources

A

are continually being replenished (examples: sunlight, air and wind, and water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Atmosphere

A

the area that surrounds the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mineral

A

a natural inorganic substance on or in the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inorganic substance

A

does not have the structure of living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sunlight

A

the light and warmth of the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What can light produce?

A

solar energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What three forms can water be found in?

A

solid, liquid, and gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Air

A

the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the distinction between consumptive and non consumptive uses of natural resources?

A

Consumptive uses deplete a resource so it no longer exists. Nonconsumptive uses do not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the basic needs of humans?

A

food, shelter, and clothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the trend in the earth’s human population?

A

rapid growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why is resource depletion a concern in meeting population demands?

A

because human life requires natural resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is waste? What wastes are created by people?

A

Waste is unused materials or discarded products. People create household waste from life processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why is landscape degradation a concern?

A

because landscape is a source of resources, and some alterations may not be reversible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are three areas of concern related to the atmosphere?

A

unclean air, the greenhouse effect, and destruction of the ozone layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is hunger? How is it related to malnourishment and undernourishment?

A

Hunger is shortage of food. Malnourishment and undernourishment are both results of inadequate food resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are three areas of urban and rural impact? Why is each important?

A

Three areas of urban and rural impact are land-use planning, resource protection, and agricultural land use. Land-use planning is important because it guides the use of land for agricultural, residential, commercial and other uses. It attempts to minimize pollution and maximize the quality of life. Resource use is important to both urban and rural areas. Urban areas depend on rural areas to provide quality water and other resources. Rural areas depend on urban areas to promote a good environment. Agricultural land use is important for both rural and urban areas. urban areas depend on cropland to produce food and other materials. Both areas require the use of these resources to support human life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Why are recycling and reusing important?

A

they reduce the demand for new natural resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hunger

A

a shortage of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Belief

A

a person’s conviction about something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Land-use planning

A

the process of determining how land will be used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Desertification

A

the formation of desert on land that was once productive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Landscape alteration

A

altering the natural features of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Issue

A

a problem or question to be solved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Consumptive use

A

using a resource so the amount used no longer exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Demography

A

the study of human population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

a condition in the atmosphere that traps radiation near the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Sustainability

A

using resources so some are available for future generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Reusing

A

using a product again without remanufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Recycling

A

using a product or the materials to make a product again. The product produced may be different from the previous use of the material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Malnourishment

A

the lack of proper nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Undernourishment

A

the lack of calories for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Resource depletion

A

using resources faster than they can be renewed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Ozone layer

A

filters out harmful radiation from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Household waste

A

garbage and rubbish that originate in the home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Sewage

A

liquid waste containing water with solid materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is science? Why is it important in studying natural resources?

A

Science is knowledge of the world in which we live. Science is important in several ways, including research, sustainability, restoration, and protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the areas of science?

A

The four major areas of science are physical science, which is the study of nonliving things around us; life science, which deals with the study of living things; mathematics, which is the science of numbers; and social science, which is the study of human behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How does the planet Earth move in its solar system?

A

Earth moves in two ways: rotation is the turning of the earth on an axis; revolution is the circling of the earth around the sun.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the importance of the rotations and revolutions of the earth?

A

Rotation allows for day and night, which creates cycles in living organisms. Light provides energy and promotes photosynthesis in plants, while dark provides times of rest. The revolution of the earth provides for the different seasons of the year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the three major spheres associated with the earth?

A

The lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the earth’s internal structure? How does this structure sometimes cause changes on the surface?

A

The earth consists of three layers—the crust, the outer layer; the mantle, the middle layer; and the core, which is the center. The earth is continually moving deep inside, which affects landform. Great pressure causes rocks to move, fold, crack, and/or bend. Some movements cause earthquakes, volcanic action, and tsunamis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is a community? What are the two types of communities?

A

A community is the assortment of plants, animals, and other organisms that live together. The two major types of communities are aquatic, based in water, and terrestrial, based on land.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What food relationships exist in the biosphere?

A

Each species has a different food chain, which is the sequence in which organisms obtain their food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Distinguish between herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.

A

A herbivore is an animal species that exclusively eats plants for food. A carnivore is an animal species that eats the flesh of other animals. An omnivore is an animal species that eats both plants and animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is succession? Why is it important?

A

Succession is the replacement of one community by another. Succession includes natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are best adapted to an environment survivive longer and have more offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Earth science

A

the area of physical science that deals with the environment in which organisms live and grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Surface water

A

water found on the surface of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Botany

A

the study of plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Solar system

A

a group of objects in space that are held together by a sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Timberline

A

the elevation at which trees stop growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Revolution (earth revolution)

A

circling of the earth around the sun. Takes approximately 365 days for a revolution to be completed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Ecology

A

the study of how living organisms exist in their natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Lithosphere

A

the solid portion of the planet Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Sphere

A

the environment in which something exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Plate tectonics

A

a theory of plates deep inside the earth that explains surface movements of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Niche

A

the unique way a species lives in a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Habitat

A

the physical, environmental characteristics of a community that allow a particular species to live there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is needed in a habitat?

A

climate, moisture, soil, and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Terrestrial community

A

one that is based on the land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Aquatic community

A

one that is based in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Ecosystem

A

all the parts of the environment in which an organism lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Biosphere

A

the part of the ecosphere that supports life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Ecosphere

A

where living things are found on the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

All of the water on Earth forms what sphere?

A

the hydrosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Groundwater

A

water stored below the surface of the earth (can be held by soil particles or as aquifers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

A

the circulation of water through the hydrosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What percent of the air is oxygen?

A

21%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What percent of the air is nitrogen?

A

78%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What percent of the air is neon, argon, and carbon dioxide?

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What sphere are satellites in?

A

mesosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What four layers does the atmosphere have?

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Troposphere

A

the first layer in the atmosphere; it extends upward 5 to 11 miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Stratosphere

A

the second layer in the atmosphere; it extends about 30 miles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Mesosphere

A

the third layer in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Thermosphere

A

the fourth and final layer in the atmosphere; it is hot due to intense heat from the sun (hence the name “thermosphere”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Topography

A

the study and mapping of the detailed landform features of an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Crust

A

the outer portion of the earth. It contains the soil that supports plant life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Mantle

A

the part of the earth that is located between the crust and the core. It is made of aluminum, silicon, iron, and other materials. The mantle is very hot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Core

A

the center of the earth. It is divided into the outer core and center. The core is made of molten iron and nickel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Rotation (earth rotation)

A

the turning of Earth on an axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Where are the Earth’s axis’ located?

A

the North and South poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

How long does it take for one Earth rotation?

A

one 24-hour day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Social science

A

the study of human behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Mathematics

A

the science of numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Zoology

A

the study of animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Protoplasm

A

the only natural substance in which life exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

What is natural resource conservation? Why is it important?

A

Natural resource conservation is the wise use of natural resources in order to sustain them for ourselves as well as for future generations. If we do not conserve, we will run out of resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

What are two reasons for conservation?

A

Resource conservation is important for two main reasons: one, people need natural resources such as food and water to live. Two, they want to maintain their standard of living by having conveniences such as running water and electricity that will promote health and well-being.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What are two examples of how to conserve natural resources?

A

One example is by reusing natural resources as some materials can be reused without remanufacturing. Second is by preventing damage. This involves properly disposing of wastes in order to prevent pollution and damage to natural resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

What is the meaning of interdependent relationships?

A

The meaning of interdependent relationships is that organisms depend on each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What is pollution?

A

Pollution is hazardous or poisonous substances released into the biosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What undesirable changes might be caused by pollution in the biosphere?

A

Disease, reduced growth, and reproduction failure are some examples of undesirable changes that might be caused by pollution in the biosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What are some examples of landscape degradation?

A

Examples of landscape degradation include cutting natural trees; changing topography by using heavy equipment to move earth around; mining minerals such as copper, sand, and gravel; building power lines and roads through forests and over mountains; and other activities that degrade the scenic value of the landscape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What are two types of pollution sources?

A

The two types are point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution is from sources that are readily identifiable, while nonpoint source pollution is from sources that cannot be directly identified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What is exploitation of natural resources? How did it create problems?

A

Exploitation of natural resources is using natural resources for profit. Previous generations used resources without regard to people, without considering that resources were limited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Why are water and soil conservation closely related?

A

Water and soil conservation are closely related because water washes away unprotected soil, and these soil particles damage the quality of water. Silt can clog rivers and create floods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What did the Lacey Act do to protect wildlife?

A

The Lacey Act made transporting illegally killed wildlife across state lines a federal crime.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Symbiotic relationship

A

when different species live together and benefit from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Dust Bowl

A

area of the Great Plains that suffered severe wind erosion in the 1930s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Rachel Carson

A

informed the public about environmental risks in using pesticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

used ecology in studying wildlife

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Point source pollution

A

a source of pollution that is readily identifiable (example: factories that produce wastewater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Gifford Pinchot

A

an early leader in the conservation of forests. He headed the agency in the federal government that is known today as the Forest Service.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Pollutant

A

a material that causes pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Aesthetic benefit

A

a feature that has human appeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Economic value

A

the value of a resource in terms of economics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Landscape degradation

A

changing the features of the earth’s surface so natural features are less appealing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Franklin D. Roosevelt

A

his efforts included setting up an agency in the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the mission of conserving soil and water. The programs involved landowners in planning and implementing conservation practices that were subsidized with federal funds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Hugh H. Bennet

A

known as the “father of soil conservation”.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Theodore Roosevelt

A

he set up the first wildlife refuge at Pelican Island, Florida. Millions of acres of forests were added to the nation’s reserves during his presidency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

John Muir

A

he traveled and studied the forest areas of the U.S. He explored what is now the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks in California. He founded the Sierra Club in 1892 to promote conservation.

138
Q

Exploitation

A

using natural resources for profit

139
Q

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

A

the lead federal agency in the restoration of coastal resources and fisheries

140
Q

Restoration

A

the process of reestablishing a habitat

141
Q

Non-point source pollution

A

from sources that cannot be directly identified (example: the use of pesticides)

142
Q

Pollution

A

releasing hazardous or poisonous substances into the biosphere

143
Q

What are the reasons soil is important?

A

Soil is important for plant growth, microbe habitat, water renewal, foundations for structure sites, waste disposal, reservoirs, and aesthetic purposes.

144
Q

What are the four major components of soil?

A

minerals, water, air, and organic matter

145
Q

What are the mineral materials in soil?

A

The minerals in soil include sand, silt, and clay. Sand has the largest particle size; silt has a medium particle size; and clay has the smallest particle size.

146
Q

What are the sources of organic matter in soil?

A

Organic matter is decaying plant and animal remains.

147
Q

How is soil formed?

A

Soil is formed by the weathering process. The parent material is rock. Rock is weathered into soil through climate factors.

148
Q

What is soil pH?

A

the acidity or alkalinity of soil

149
Q

What nutrients are present in soil?

A

The nutrients found in soil are those essential for plant growth. Any soil that is deficient will cause poor plant growth. Examples of nutrients in the soil include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

150
Q

What comprises the physical nature of soil?

A

Soil is classified based on its physical nature, including texture, depth, color, structure, consistency, and permeability.

151
Q

What is a soil profile?

A

a vertical section of the soil at a site

152
Q

What are the ways water is held in soil?

A

The three forms of water found in soil are gravitational, which is superfluous water; capillary, which is water available to plants and important for terrestrial growth; and hygroscopic, which is not readily available to plants.

153
Q

Mineral soil

A

a soil that has more minerals than other materials

154
Q

Parent material

A

the mineral and organic material from which soil is formed

155
Q

Permeability

A

water movement through the soil. It depends on the texture and structure of the soil.

156
Q

Clay

A

the smallest particle sizes in soil

157
Q

Soil texture

A

the relative proportion of soil components by particle size

158
Q

Water table

A

the level at which water saturates the ground

159
Q

Root zone

A

the area in soil where roots are found

160
Q

Soil amendment

A

material added to soil to improve its productivity

161
Q

Weathering

A

the process of materials becoming soil

162
Q

Organic matter

A

decaying remains of plants and animals form soil

163
Q

What are the three forms of water found in soil?

A

gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic

164
Q

Gravitational water

A

the water that drains downward through the soil. It helps restore the supply of groundwater.

165
Q

Capillary water

A

the water held between the soil particles. It is most important for terrestrial plant growth.

166
Q

Hygroscopic water

A

the water that adheres to each soil particle. It forms a very thin film around the particles. It moves only in vapor form.

167
Q

What are the layers of a soil profile?

A

O horizon, A horizon, B horizon, C horizon, and R horizon.

168
Q

O horizon

A

the top layer. It consists of leaves, roots, limbs, and decaying matter.

169
Q

A horizon

A

the topsoil. Organic matter is concentrated here. It provides nutrients for plant growth.

170
Q

B horizon

A

the subsoil. Plant roots use this layer as a source of nutrients and to anchor the plant.

171
Q

C horizon

A

parent material is found here.

172
Q

R horizon

A

the bedrock layer. Consists of solid rock. (think “R for rock”)

173
Q

Hardpan

A

compacted layer of soil beneath the topsoil. They interfere with water movement and root growth.

174
Q

Consistency

A

how easy it is to work with a soil.

175
Q

Soil structure

A

the arrangement of soil particles into shapes and pieces.

176
Q

What type of soil helps water move faster and encourages root growth?

A

granular

177
Q

Fertilizer

A

soil amendments containing nutrients

178
Q

Humus

A

organic matter that is well decomposed

179
Q

Sand

A

the component of soil with the largest particle size

180
Q

Silt

A

the component of soil of medium particle size - smaller than sand and larger than clay. High silt soils are fertile and hold more water than soil high in sand.

181
Q

What is erosion? How does erosion damage soil?

A

Soil erosion is the loss of soil. Erosion destroys the fertility of the soil.

182
Q

What are the kinds of erosion?

A

Kinds of erosion include sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion.

183
Q

What is soil degradation?

A

Soil degradation is any action or event that lowers the quality of the soil.

184
Q

How is use related to soil conservation?

A

Soil conservation begins with proper land use. If land is used for purposes for which it is not well suited, erosion is more likely to occur.

185
Q

Why are wetlands important?

A

Wetlands are important in maintaining productive soil and quality water. Three reasons wetlands are important are groundwater renewal, preservation of waterfowl habitat, and preservation of fish nurseries.

186
Q

What soil conservation practices may be used?

A

Soil conservation practices include terracing, contouring, strip cropping, ponds, vegetative covers and grass strips, windbreaks and shelter breaks, conservation tillage, and crop rotation. A terrace is a long ridge of earth that follows the contour of the land to slow runoff. Contouring is performing all field operations on the contour of the land elevation. Strip cropping is planting crops of different types in strips across a hillside. Pond levees may be designed to collect runoff. Vegetative cover, including grass strips, is a protective crop that is grown to prevent soil erosion. A windbreak is a row of trees or shrubs planted to slow the movement of surface wind. A shelter break is a row of shrubs, trees, or a combination of plants that help provide protection from the wind. Conservation tillage is using very little those tillage practices that disturb the surface of the land. Crop rotation is alternating the use of land in producing crops.

187
Q

How does conservation tillage help prevent erosion?

A

Conservation tillage helps prevent erosion by using tillage practices, such as no-till and minimum tillage, that minimally disturb the surface of the land.

188
Q

What is the difference between a level terrace and a graded terrace?

A

A level terrace is parallel with the slope of the land and does not divert runoff into a waterway. A graded terrace has a gradual slope from one end to the other that follows the contour of the land. It collects and diverts the water into a waterway.

189
Q

What is soil renewal?

A

The purpose of soil renewal is to restore the productivity of the soil when moderate to severe loss has occurred.

190
Q

Name one practice that can be used to conserve soil in urban areas and one in agricultural areas.

A

The use of mulch will conserve soil in urban areas because mulch helps hold water and reduce the impact of water flow. Building terraces is an effective soil-conservation strategy in agricultural areas because terraces prevent the rapid flow of water and help hold the soil in place.

191
Q

Conservation tillage

A

using tillage practices that disturb the surface of the land very little

192
Q

Mulch

A

a layer of straw, burlap, or other material that covers the soil

193
Q

Topsoil

A

first few inches of soil high in nutrients

194
Q

Soil erosion

A

loss of soil by movement to another location

195
Q

Soil degradation

A

actions or events that lower the quality of soil

196
Q

Wetland

A

an area where soil is often saturated with water

197
Q

Soil conservation

A

using soil so loss or damage is very little or none

198
Q

Tilth

A

the physical condition of soil that makes it suitable for crops

199
Q

Terrace

A

long ridge of earth that follows the contour of the land to prevent soil and water loss

200
Q

Contouring

A

performing land use operations on the contour of the elevation

201
Q

Silt fence

A

a structure placed at the bottom of a slope to allow water to flow through but to hold back the soil particles

202
Q

Broad-base terrace

A

used in large fields with gradual slopes. They accommodate the use of farm machinery.

203
Q

Grassed back-slope terraces

A

used on land with more slope than the broad-base terrace. The back slope of the terrace is not tilled but is seeded to permanent grass.

204
Q

Narrow-base terraces

A

used on land with somewhat more slope than the first two types. Both the front and the back of the terrace has permanent grass.

205
Q

Bench terraces

A

used on steeper hillsides.

206
Q

Ridge terraces

A

used to hold water in place rather than drain it away

207
Q

Diversion terraces

A

built on steep slops of more than 10% grade. They are designed to quickly carry away water from heavy rains.

208
Q

Lister terraces

A

small terraces often used on a temporary basis.

209
Q

Crop rotation

A

alternating the use of land in producing crops

210
Q

Grassed waterway

A

a shallow vegetated ditch that carries runoff away

211
Q

Windbreak

A

a row of trees or shrubs planted to slow the movement of surface wind

212
Q

Shelter break

A

a row or cluster of shrubs, trees, or combination of plants that help provide protection from the wind

213
Q

No-till

A

producing a traditional crop without plowing

214
Q

Minimum tillage

A

plowing so the surface of the land is disturbed as little as possible

215
Q

Vegetative cover

A

a protective crop grown to prevent soil erosion. This is the most widely used approach to soil conservation.

216
Q

Strip cropping

A

planting crops of different types in strips across a hillside

217
Q

Gully erosion

A

a severe kind of erosion

218
Q

Sheet erosion

A

the loss of thin layers or sheets of soil

219
Q

Rill erosion

A

the loss of soil on sloping land where small channels are formed by running water

220
Q

Wind erosion

A

the loss of soil due to wind. It usually occurs in dry climates where the soil is loose.

221
Q

Water erosion

A

the loss of soil due to water movement. It is the major cause of soil loss in North America.

222
Q

What are the important uses of water?

A

Water is important for life processes, daily living, food and fiber production, climate, manufacturing, transportation, and recreation.

223
Q

What is the chemical formula for water?

A

The chemical formula for water is H2O. Two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form one molecule of water.

224
Q

What are the three states of water?

A

The three states of water are solid, liquid, and gas.

225
Q

When does water change from one state to another?

A

Ice, which is the solid state, forms at the freezing point of 32°F. The liquid form is between freezing and boiling temperatures. Water vapor, which is the gas state, forms when water boils or evaporates at 212°F at sea level.

226
Q

What is salinity? Why is it a problem?

A

Salinity refers to the level of salt in water. Salt content limits the use of water for many purposes, such as drinking and irrigating.

227
Q

How is salinity measured?

A

in parts per thousand

228
Q

What are the major sources of water?

A

Water comes from two major sources—the surface of the earth and underground. Surface water is found in lakes, streams, reservoirs, and oceans, and most of it is saline. Groundwater comes from within the earth.

229
Q

What is the water cycle? Why is it important?

A

The water cycle is the natural process of water going from the earth to the atmosphere and back to the earth. The water cycle cleans and renews water.

230
Q

What is a watershed?

A

an area that provides runoff for a stream or reservoir

231
Q

Why is it important to keep watersheds free of pollution?

A

Watersheds must be free of pollutants because anything in a watershed might be carried away in runoff to a creek or river. This may contaminate the water, which then cannot be used.

232
Q

What are the kinds of streams?

A

rivers, creeks, and brooks

233
Q

Why is flood plain information needed before building a home?

A

Flooding can destroy homes, businesses, crops, and other things. Therefore, people need to know the flood history of an area before building on it.

234
Q

What is water quality?

A

the condition of water for a particular use

235
Q

What factors indicate water quality?

A

odor, taste, color, pH, hardness, turbidity, presence of heavy metals, chemical residues, and coliform bacteria

236
Q

What is physical monitoring of water?

A

observing the characteristics of a stream, ocean, or lake

237
Q

Freshwater

A

water with very little or no salt

238
Q

Saltwater

A

water containing more than 16.5 ppt salt

239
Q

Desalination

A

the process of removing salt from water

240
Q

Distillation

A

the process of making water pure

241
Q

Aquifer

A

underground areas where water fills pores between sand and rock

242
Q

Brackish water

A

water that is a six of saltwater and freshwater

243
Q

Potable water

A

water that is suitable for drinking and other household use

244
Q

Evaporation

A

the movement of water molecules from liquid into the air

245
Q

Watershed

A

the area that provides runoff for a stream of reservoir

246
Q

Flood plain

A

the area along a stream that may be covered with overflow water

247
Q

Stream channel

A

the sides and bottom of a stream. They may be formed of earth or rock.

248
Q

What are the kinds of streams?

A

rivers, creeks, brooks, and canals

249
Q

River

A

a river is a large stream that has high streamflow

250
Q

Creek

A

a creek is a stream that is smaller than a river. Many people associate creeks with muddy, polluted water.

251
Q

Brook

A

a brook is a small stream. They are often associated with cool, clear freshwater.

252
Q

Canal

A

a canal is an artificial waterway. They are built for transportation, to relieve flooding, or to divert water to where it is needed.

253
Q

Streamflow

A

the movement of water in a stream. It includes both volume and velocity of water movement.

254
Q

Velocity

A

the rate of flow

255
Q

Volume

A

the amount of flow

256
Q

Stream

A

a flowing body of water. Most streams are freshwater.

257
Q

Transpiration

A

the release of water from the leaves of plants.

258
Q

Precipitation

A

rain. It is made of freshwater.

259
Q

Water distribution

A

moving water from its source to where it is needed

260
Q

Aquifer

A

an area of porous sand, gravel, and limestone that is saturated with water in spaces between particles and in cracks. Wells are bored into aquifers to get water.

261
Q

How much of the earth’s water is saltwater?

A

97% in lakes, seas, and oceans.

262
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

the loss of water from the soil by plant transpiration and evaporation

263
Q

Irrigation

A

the artificial application of water to crops

264
Q

What percent of animals is water?

A

60 to 70%

265
Q

What percent of plants is water?

A

70 to 95%

266
Q

How much water does the average person in the U.S. use each day?

A

100 gallons

267
Q

Distinguish between vertebrate and invertebrate animal wildlife.

A

A vertebrate is an animal that has a backbone. An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a backbone.

268
Q

What are the five groups of vertebrates?

A

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish

269
Q

In identifying wildlife, what is a sign?

A

evidence that an animal is or has been in the area

270
Q

What are four benefits of wildlife?

A

aesthetic benefits, game benefits, economic benefits, scientific benefits, and ecological benefits

271
Q

What are five uses of wildlife?

A

Uses of wildlife include food, clothing, ornamentation, medicine, and recreation.

272
Q

What four components are found in habitat?

A

food, water, shelter, and space

273
Q

What is cover? Why is cover important?

A

Cover is the protection from predators and weather that animals gain in their habitat. Cover offers a safe place for animals to rear their young.

274
Q

What are the three major classifications of habitat?

A

The three major classifications of habitat are aquatic, terrestrial, and amphibious. An aquatic habitat is a water-based habitat for animals that live in and/or depend on water for their food and reproduction. An amphibious habitat is a habitat for animals that require both land and water. A terrestrial habitat is a habitat for animals that live on the land.

275
Q

What is wildlife endangerment?

A

a condition in the ecosystem that threatens the continued existence of a species

276
Q

What are the threats to wildlife?

A

loss of habitat, threats to health and age, presence of predators, pollution, and hunting

277
Q

What activities may be used in wildlife management?

A

promoting habitat, introducing or reestablishing species, preventing pollution, and taking property

278
Q

What are the three major recreational uses of wildlife?

A

hunting, which is killing game for food or sport; fishing, which is capturing fish with hooks, nets, seines, traps, and other means; and nature study, which is learning about things through nature

279
Q

Nature study

A

the process of learning about things in nature

280
Q

Vertebrate

A

an animal that has a backbone (examples: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish)

281
Q

Home range

A

the area in which an animal travels

282
Q

Anadromous fish

A

a fish that lives in saltwater and spawns in freshwater

283
Q

Bait

A

live or dead material used to attract animals

284
Q

Hunter safety

A

the use of hunting gear and practices to prevent accidents and injury

285
Q

Waterfowl

A

swimming birds that live in water habitats

286
Q

Woodland

A

a land area covered with trees, shrubs, vines, mosses, fallen limbs, and tree trunks

287
Q

Extinct species

A

a species no longer found on earth (example: passenger pigeon)

288
Q

Bag limit

A

restriction on the number of animals that can be taken in one day or one hunt

289
Q

Predation

A

the capture and consumption of one animal by another

290
Q

Endangered species

A

one that is threatened with becoming extinct. The species is not reproducing itself sufficiently to maintain its population. (example: grizzly bears, whooping cranes, and gray wolves)

291
Q

Threatened species

A

one that is facing serious dangers and likely to become endangered. Many species are threatened by hunting, trapping, and other harvesting.

292
Q

Rare species

A

one that exists in small numbers and could become threatened.

293
Q

Brush

A

shrubs, scrub trees, vines, herbaceous plants, and dead plant materials

294
Q

Edge

A

the area where two habitats meet

295
Q

Diadromous fish

A

fish that migrate between freshwater and saltwater

296
Q

Catadromous fish

A

freshwater species that go to saltwater to spawn

297
Q

Feral animal

A

one that has escaped from domestication and returned to the wild

298
Q

Invertebrate

A

an animal that does not have a backbone (examples: insects, worms, shrimp, spiders, and lobsters)

299
Q

What is a forest?

A

an area where trees and other plants grow in an ever-changing community

300
Q

Distinguish between native forests and tree farms.

A

In native forests, species grow voluntarily and are naturally present. A tree farm is an area that has been planted with selected and improved tree species.

301
Q

How were forests important in the development of the United States?

A

The availability of quality timber was a major factor in the colonization of the United States.

302
Q

What is urban forestry? Why is it important?

A

Urban forestry is establishing and caring for trees in urban areas. Benefits include soil conservation, water conservation, and temperature modification.

303
Q

What are the major products harvested from forests?

A

logs and pulpwood

304
Q

What are the environmental and aesthetic benefits of forests?

A

Forests provide benefits such as influence upon local climate, conservation of moisture, pollutant removal and detection, noise reduction, and habitats.

305
Q

What common kinds of plants are found in forests?

A

The common kinds of plants found in forests include trees, shrubs, vines, herbs, mosses, and ferns. A tree is a perennial plant more than fifteen feet tall. Shrubs are perennials that grow less than fifteen feet tall. A vine is a plant that creeps or climbs on other plants, rocks, or the ground. An herb is a plant with roots, stems, and leaves but without definite structure. Mosses are very low-growing plants that do not have flowers. Ferns are non-flowering plants that reproduce with spores.

306
Q

What is story? What kinds of story are found in a forest?

A

A story is a horizontal layer of growth, often in three layers—understory, mid-story, upper story. Forests with mixed species of different ages and sizes have greater story.

307
Q

What are the major parts of a tree? What are the functions of each part?

A

Trees have three major parts—the crown, which holds leaves up to collect sunlight so photosynthesis can occur; the trunk, which transports raw materials upward to the crown for photosynthesis and manufactured food down to the roots; and the roots, which take water and nutrients from the soil, store manufactured food, and allow the tree to stay in position.

308
Q

What are the two general groups of tree species?

A

Two general groups of tree species are conifers and hardwoods. A conifer has needles and produces seed in cones; many conifers are evergreens and retain needles all year. Hardwoods lose their leaves each fall, have broad leaves, and produce seeds in fruits, berries, and nuts.

309
Q

What are the major things to look for in identifying a tree?

A

leaves, twigs, bark, flowers, and fruit

310
Q

What is a forest region? How many regions are there in the U.S.?

A

A forest region is an area with a predominance of related tree species. There are six major forests regions in the United States.

311
Q

What silviculture practices are used to improve forests?

A

planting, thinning, cleaning, liberation, harvesting, and protecting

312
Q

Stand

A

number of plants distributed over an area of land

313
Q

Seedling

A

a young tree no more than 15 to 18 inches (38 to 45 cm) tall

314
Q

Log

A

the stem of a tree harvested for making lumber

315
Q

Native forest

A

a forest where the species are voluntarily growing

316
Q

Urban forestry

A

the care and management of trees in cities

317
Q

Shrub

A

a perennial plant that does not grow as tall as a tree

318
Q

Canopy

A

the upper part of a tree composed of limbs, leaves, etc.

319
Q

Story

A

the horizontal layer of vegetative growth in a forest

320
Q

Lichen

A

a non plant organism that is a combined fungus and alga

321
Q

Conifer

A

a tree that produces seed in cones

322
Q

Silviculture

A

managing tree stands to increase productivity

323
Q

Northern Forest Region

A

the largest of the six forest regions. It extends through Canada and the interior of Alaska. The northern portion produces small-size trees such as spruce, balsam fir, larch, paper birch, aspen balsam, poplar, and willows. The southern portion produces highly valuable timber species like spruce, birches, beech, basswood, maples, and red oak.

324
Q

Southern Forest Region

A

covers the coastal area from Texas to Maryland. It is one of the most important timber producing areas in North America. It produces seven species of pine, bald cypress, tupelo gum, sweet gum, beech, ashes, elms, oaks, hickories, etc.

325
Q

Central Hardwood Region

A

covers the central portion of the eastern U.S. Oaks are the dominant species. Others include hickories, ashes, elms, maples, gum, beech, yellow poplar, walnut, cottonwood, sycamore, and dogwood.

326
Q

Tropical Forest Region

A

found in Arizona, California, southern Florida, and extreme southern Texas. Trees are small here and lack commercial value. Arizona and California provide a desert climate with brushy plants capable of living under extremely dry conditions, such as palms, ebony, mesquite, and other thorny species.

327
Q

Rocky Mountain Forest Region

A

spread over the mountains from Mexico into northern Canada. The primary tree species are spruce, lodgepole pine, aspen, poplar, ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, oaks, pinyon pine, junipers, and cottonwood.

328
Q

Pacific Coast Forest Region

A

includes the Pacific coast states. This region supports the largest and tallest trees in the world (giant sequoia and redwood). The Douglas-fir is in this forest region.

329
Q

What is the single most important timber species in the world?

A

Douglas-fir

330
Q

Dominant species (trees)

A

those that grow the largest and shade the other species

331
Q

Hardwood

A

a tree that has broadleaves and has wood that is hard and of fine grain (examples: oaks, gums, walnut, cherry, maple)

332
Q

Conifer

A

has needles and produces seeds in cones (examples: pines, spruces, and firs). They are predominantly used in making lumber.

333
Q

Dendrology

A

the study of tree identification

334
Q

Root

A

the part of a tree that is in the ground.

335
Q

Trunk

A

the main stem connecting the crown with the roots.

336
Q

Crown

A

the top part of a tree, with limbs, leaves, and perhaps flowers and fruit. The crown holds the leaves to collect sunlight so photosynthesis can occur.

337
Q

Vine

A

a plant that creeps or climbs on other plants, rocks, or the ground

338
Q

Tree

A

a perennial plant more than 15 feet.

339
Q

Pulpwood

A

used to make paper and similar products

340
Q

Old-growth forest

A

an uncut forest. Most old-growth forests are in the Pacific coast states.

341
Q

Regrowth forest

A

it regrows every quarter century or so after cutting

Conservation of Our Natural Resources (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions