Psychology Methods and Founders Ch. 1.1 and 1.2

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Empirical method

Answer 2

Method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Question 3

Scientific method

Answer 3

Used to acquire knowledge

Question 4

Steps of the scientific method

Answer 4

1. Have a question and theory
2. Create a hypothesis to explain the phenomenon
3. Make observations or carry out an experiment to test the validity of the hypothesis

Question 5

Structuralism

Answer 5

Focused on the contents of mental processes rather than their function. Understanding the conscious experience through introspection

Question 6

Introspection

Answer 6

Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

Question 7

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 7

Used introspection. Believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components. Was the first person to be called a psychologist (structuralism)

Question 8

Edward Titchener and Wundt

Answer 8

Developed structuralism

Question 9

Functionalism

Answer 9

Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment. Study the function of behavior in the world (more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts)

Question 10

William James

Answer 10

Developed functionalism

Question 11

Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 11

Focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior as well as early childhood experiences

Question 12

Sigmund Freud

Answer 12

Developed the psychoanalytic theory

Question 13

Gestalt psychology

Answer 13

Deal with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception (deals with how the parts of human perception relate to the whole)

Question 14

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 14

Developed gestalt psychology

Question 15

The commonality between structuralism, psychoanalysis, and gestalt psychology is ______

Answer 15

That they were all concerned with describing and understanding inner experiences

Question 16

Behaviorism

Answer 16

Focus on observing and controlling behavior along with learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the organism

Question 17

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 17

Discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

Question 18

John B. Watson

Answer 18

Focus directly on observable behavior and try to bring that behavior under control (behaviorism)

Question 19

B. F. Skinner

Answer 19

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning. How behavior was affected by its consequences (Reinforcement and punishment. Made the operant conditioning chamber/Skinner’s box)

Question 20

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner

Answer 20

Developed behaviorism

Question 21

Humanism

Answer 21

Perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Question 22

Abraham Maslow

Answer 22

Hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior (humanism)

Question 23

Carl Rogers

Answer 23

Client-centered therapy (unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness)(humanistic)

Question 24

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Answer 24

Developed humanism

Question 25

Noam Chomsky

Answer 25

Believed that psychology's focus on behavior was short-sighted and wanted to reincorporate mental functioning to help understand behavior

Question 26

Cognitive revolution

Answer 26

The shift away from strict behaviorism, begun in the 1950s, characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental processes. Influenced psychologists to start talking to people in other countries and fields

Question 27

Naomi Weisstein

Answer 27

Feminist revolution in psychology

Question 28

Francis Cecil Sumner

Answer 28

First African American to receive a PhD in psychology

Question 29

George I. Sanchez

Answer 29

Mexican heritage, he pointed out that the language and cultural barriers in testing were keeping children from equal opportunities

Question 30

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 30

First woman awarded the doctoral degree in psychology

Question 31

Martha Bernal

Answer 31

First Latina to earn her doctoral degree in psychology

Question 32

Inez Beverly Prosser

Answer 32

The first African American woman awarded the PhD