Psychology: Learning notes 1+2

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Question 2

three basic types of learning

Answer 2

classical and operant conditioning, and modeling

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

learning a new behavior through the process of association; a stimulus gains the power to create a response

Question 4

stimulus

Answer 4

anything in the environment that one can respond to

Question 5

response

Answer 5

any behavior or action caused by the conditioning

Question 6

ivan pavlov

Answer 6

a russian scientist who did an experiment on how dogs saliva helped with their digestion; said that a neutral stimulus will cause a formerly unrelated response to connect

Question 7

neutral stimulus

Answer 7

has nothing to do with the response prior to conditioning

Question 8

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

event that leads to a certain, predictable response without previous training

Question 9

unconditioned response

Answer 9

a reaction that happens automatically or naturally

Question 10

conditioned response

Answer 10

responses that are learned

Question 11

conditioned stimulus

Answer 11

event that is learned and connected to another event

Question 12

taste aversion

Answer 12

learned avoidance of a certain food

Question 13

extinction

Answer 13

when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

generalization

Answer 14

response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 15

discrimination

Answer 15

only responding to the conditioned stimulus and that stimulus only

Question 16

two methods of classical conditioning to reduce fear

Answer 16

flooding and systematic desensitization

Question 17

flooding

Answer 17

when someone is exposed to a harmless stimulus until fear no longer happens

Question 18

systematic desensitization

Answer 18

being taught relaxation techniques

Question 19

counterconditioning

Answer 19

when a pleasant stimulus is paired with a fearful one repeatedly

Question 20

operant conditioning

Answer 20

learning from the consequences of specific behaviors; study of how behavior is affected by its consequence

Question 21

B.F. Skinner

Answer 21

believed most behavior is influenced by the history of rewards and punishments

Question 22

positive reinforcement

Answer 22

teaching a dog to sit by giving them a treat each time

Question 23

reinforcement

Answer 23

a stimulus that impacts the chance that behavior will be repeated

Question 24

aversive control

Answer 24

unpleasant consequences that influence our everyday behavior

Question 25

negative reinforcement

Answer 25

unpleasant consequences removed

Question 26

*factors that impact learning

Answer 26

feedback, transfer, and practice

Question 27

*feedback

Answer 27

finding out the results of an action

Question 28

*transfer

Answer 28

something you already know affecting how you learn something new
positive transfer: when previously learned responses help you learn something new
negative transfer: when a previously learned task makes it harder to learn something new

Question 29

*practice

Answer 29

repetition of activity

Question 30

harry harlow

Answer 30

did experiments on monkeys
color or shape of the lid with the food under is the important part to know

Question 31

martin seligman

Answer 31

learned helplessness causes depression; if one’s efforts don’t make a difference, they have less motivation to even try

Question 32

elements of learned helplessness

Answer 32

stability, gulobality, internality

Question 33

stability

Answer 33

a belief that the state of helplessness results from permanent characteristics

Question 34

gulobality

Answer 34

“i’m just dumb”

Question 35

internality

Answer 35

believing something is wrong on the inside that leads to failure

Question 36

modeling

Answer 36

learning by observing and limiting others

Question 37

disinhibition

Answer 37

watching someone engage in a threatening activity without being punished