Psychology: Learning and Memory

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

Worked with classical conditioning

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

Association between neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus

Question 3

aquisition

Answer 3

How long it takes and organism to learn association between NS and UCS

Question 4

generalization

Answer 4

Responding to similar stimuli

Question 5

discrimination

Answer 5

Not responding so similar stimuli

Question 6

extinction

Answer 6

Unlearning of or lack of learned response

Question 7

spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

Revival of an extinguished response

Question 8

John Watson

Answer 8

Brought classical conditioning to the U.S. Worked with baby Albert

Question 9

flooding

Answer 9

Forcing someone to directly face his/her fears

Question 10

systematic desensitization

Answer 10

A person is taught relaxation techniques and then gradually faced with what they are afraid of

Question 11

counterconditioning

Answer 11

Associates fear with pleasant feelings to face it

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

the consequences of behavior operate or produce effects on the environment

Question 13

B.F. Skinner

Answer 13

Created theory of operant conditioning

Question 14

positive reinforcement

Answer 14

Increases behavior by introducing something good

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

Increases behavior by taking away something bad

Question 16

punishment

Answer 16

Decreases behavior by introducing something unwanted

Question 17

fixed ratio

Answer 17

A fixed number of target responses must be completed before a reward is gained

Question 18

variable ratio

Answer 18

The number of target behaviors for reward keeps changing

Question 19

fixed interval

Answer 19

The first target response completed after a fixed interval of time is rewarded

Question 20

variable interval

Answer 20

The length of interval for reward changes after time

Question 21

shaping

Answer 21

Reinforcing small increments of behavior

Question 22

chaining

Answer 22

When small behaviors are linked together

Question 23

learned helplessness

Answer 23

A decrease in responding that occurs after exposure to uncontrollable negative events

Question 24

social cognitive learning

Answer 24

Learning can occur by thinking about situations or by observing others

Question 25

E.C. Tolman

Answer 25

First psychologist to report social cognitive learning

Question 26

latent learning

Answer 26

Learning that appears not to have been retained at the time of conditioning but it is displayed at a later time

Question 27

Albert Bandura

Answer 27

Developed observational learning theory

Question 28

observational learnind

Answer 28

learning by watching others

Question 29

memory

Answer 29

The process by which we are able to retain and retrieve information and the structures that allow us to do it

Question 30

Information Processing Model

Answer 30

Views humans as computers that encode, store, and retrieve information

Question 31

sensory memory

Answer 31

sensory register

Question 32

visual stimuli

Answer 32

Last one-tenth of a second, make up iconic memory

Question 33

auditory stimuli

Answer 33

Last for 3-4 seconds, make up echoic memory

Question 34

short-term memory

Answer 34

Also called working memory, limited capacity

Question 35

chunking

Answer 35

Process by which we group similar information into meaningful units

Question 36

long-term memory

Answer 36

Permanent part of memory, unlimited capacity

Question 37

engrams

Answer 37

Information stored in long-term memory

Question 38

shallow/surface/maintenance processing

Answer 38

Memorizing, not very effective

Question 39

deep/elaborative processing

Answer 39

Connecting new information with already learned information or with devices that allow information to be retrieved from memory more easily

Question 40

serial position effect

Answer 40

Memorizing at the beginning of a list (primary effect) and words at the end of the list (recency effect) better than words in the middle of the list

Question 41

episodic

Answer 41

Memories of personally experienced events

Question 42

semantic

Answer 42

Memories of general factual knowledge

Question 43

procedural

Answer 43

Memories of how to do something

Question 44

explicit/declaritve

Answer 44

memories of which we are consciously aware of

Question 45

implicit/non-declaritive

Answer 45

Memories of which we are not consciously aware of

Question 46

flashbulb

Answer 46

Memories that surround big events and bring out a multitude of other memories

Question 47

mnemonics

Answer 47

Devices that allow memory to be retrieved more easily

Question 48

retrieval

Answer 48

The process of obtaining information from memory

Question 49

state dependent

Answer 49

The need to be in the same state as information was input to retrieve information

Question 50

context

Answer 50

The need to be in the same place as information was learned to remember learned information

Question 51

reconstruction

Answer 51

The process of filling in the gaps of memory

Question 52

eyewitness accounts

Answer 52

What and how a witness is questioned can bias results

Question 53

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 53

Main researcher of eyewitness accounts

Question 54

forgetting

Answer 54

The inability to retrieve information from memory

Question 55

interference

Answer 55

Old information and new information conflict eachother

Question 56

proactive

Answer 56

Old information interferes with new information

Question 57

retroactive

Answer 57

New information interferes with old information

Question 58

tip of the tongue syndrome

Answer 58

Stress builds a mental black that prevents retrieval for a period of time

Question 59

childhood amnesia

Answer 59

Memories are not formed until about the age of three

Question 60

repression

Answer 60

Memories are pushed into subconscious

Question 61

frontal lobes

Answer 61

Involved in short term memory tasks

Question 62

temporal lobes

Answer 62

Involved in the encoding of words and pictures

Question 63

cerebellum

Answer 63

Involved in the formation and retention of classically conditioned responses

Question 64

hippocampus

Answer 64

Involved in formation of long-term memory