Psychology Exam Semester 2 Flashcards
Psychology
A scientific study of how we think, feel and behave.
Psychiatrist
Treat most patients through medication rather than through talk and behavioural therapy.
Psychologist
Treats and specialises in mental, emotional and behavioural issues - Cannot prescribe meds
Define and name the 3 ethics in Psychology
1) Informed Consent
- Researchers working with human participants describe their research project
- Obtain the subjects’ consent to participate in the research
- Based on the subjects’ understanding of the project’s methods and goals
2) Confidentiality
- The fact of private information about participants being kept secret
3) Voluntary Participation
- All research subjects are free to choose to participate without any pressure or coercion
Longitudinal Research Design
Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time
Cross - Sectional Design
Cross-sectional study design is a type of observational study design. In a cross-sectional study, the investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time.
What is the difference between Qualitative and Quantitative data?
Qualitative: Describing the qualities or attributes an object has, like; hair colours, car colour, types of coins and shape of a candle
Graph types - pie charts, bar graphs, frequency tables
Quantitative: A quantity amount or range i.e. Numerical data types like; height, age, weight and time
Graph types - line graphs, histograms, box plot, table
Define Mean
The average - sum of all numbers divided by total numbers
Define Median
The middle number
Define Mode
The most commonly occurring number - if there is a tie - divide the two by 2
Define Range
The highest value minus the lowest value
Define Cognitive Development
The ability to think and understand - Understanding complex languages
Define Physical Development
Can bee distinguished between motor skills and fine motor skills - a child develops more skills more fluidity and flexibility - physical changes e.g., puberty, knee caps
Define Social Development
Children interpret how they feel through behaviours feelings and thoughts of others and themselves - how it affects their own behaviour. - playing to more complex friend groups
Define Emotional Development
Emotions can be defined as strong feelings - complex task that begins at infancy and is continued into adulthood - first emotions: joy, anger, sadness and fear - more complex emotions - guilt and embarrassment - children become more aware as they get older
Define Nature
When an individual theorises that an attribute or behaviour was there since birth - e.g., colour pigment like hair and eye
Define Nurture
When an individual theorises that an attribute or behaviour was developed from their surroundings - e.g., personality traits
Erikson’s 8 stages of psychological development
1 – Infancy (0-1)
2 – Toddler (1-3)
3 – Early childhood (3-6)
4 – Middle childhood (6-12)
5 – Adolescence (12-18)
6 – Early adulthood (18-40)
7 – Middle adulthood (40-65)
8 – Late adulthood (65+)
Define the 3 group behaviours
1) Groups are dependant on each other
2) Can be socially dependent - rely on each other for emotional outcomes, feelings of belonging and social identity
3) Can be task dependent - having to work together to complete a task successfully
Infancy Crisis
Trust versus Mistrust
Childhood Crisis
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Adolescence Crisis
Identity versus Role Confusion
Early Adulthood Crisis
Intimacy versus Isolation
Middle Adulthood Crisis
Generativity versus Stagnation
