Psychology exam review

Question 1

what is psychology

Answer 1

the study of our mental process and behaviour

Question 2

case studies…

Answer 2

observation of individual/group over long period

Question 3

experiments…

Answer 3

determining one factor’s relevance to another

Question 4

sample surveys…

Answer 4

get info about behaviours through large groups drawing conclusions from characteristics chosen

Question 5

interviews…

Answer 5

questions prepared to get detailed info

Question 6

unstructured observation…

Answer 6

learn responses to situations w/out planned ideas

Question 7

structured observation…

Answer 7

planning what will be studied

Question 8

participant observation…

Answer 8

involving yourself in group activities

Question 9

correlational study…

Answer 9

studying association btw events (existing data)

Question 10

historical analysis…

Answer 10

census data for info on attitudes, patterns, etc that change over time

Question 11

content analysis…

Answer 11

draws together existing research to answer bigger questions

Question 12

psychological perspective: behavioural

dog

Answer 12

• Watson, Pilov, and Skinner
• study of observable behaviour
• Pavlov’s dogs (bell=salivation)

Question 13

psychological perspective: psychodynamics

impulses

Answer 13

• Freud
• theories explaining human behaviour in terms of unconscious dynamics w/in the brain
• impulses: agressive and sexual

Question 14

psychological perspective: cognitive

remember

Answer 14

• mental process in memory, thought, and perception

- study how we remember and violence/responses

Question 15

psychological perspective: physiological

brain tumor

Answer 15

• bodily events associated w/ feelings and thoughts

- interested in psychological causes (brain tumours)

Question 16

psychological perspective: sociocultural

community

Answer 16

• look at experience of a community to explain an individuals behaviour
• gender roles affect emotion

Question 17

psychological perspective: humanists

hierarchy

Answer 17

• Maslow and Rogers
• people grow at own pace individually
• mallows hierarchy of needs

Question 18

The brain: 4 main parts

Answer 18

1. frontal lobe (emotion and judgement)
2. parietal lobe (sensory i.e. touch)
3. occipital lobe (vision)
4. temporal lobe (hearing & memory)

Question 19

The brain: other parts

Answer 19

1. corpus callosum (brain side communication)
2. pons (connects cerebellum and cerebrum)
3. pituitary gland (secretes hormones)
4. medulla oblongata (impulses i.e. heartbeat)
5. cerebellum (posture and balance)
6. spinal cord (vertebrae)

Question 20

left brain

Answer 20

• math, language, right side

- practical “men side”

Question 21

right brain

Answer 21

• artistic, 3d images, holistic thought, left side

- artistic “woman side”

Question 22

ambidextrous

Answer 22

• ability to use both sides of brain equally well

Question 23

learning: classical conditioning

Answer 23

• Pavlov
• learning by association of events
• normal reaction + stimulus = new action

Question 24

learning: operant conditioning

Answer 24

• Skinner
• association of events
• reinforcements (good behaviour) and punishments (bad behaviour)
• positive (adding) and negative (taking away)

Question 25

learning: observant learning

Answer 25

- learning by listening, watching, etc. | - STAGES: attention, retention, production process, motivation, observational learning

Question 26

learning: latent learning

Answer 26

- new behaviour not shown until needed | - remember streets, navigate in future

Question 27

learning: insight learning

Answer 27

- intellectual learning | - use intelligence to problem solve

Question 28

memory stages

Answer 28

1. encoding (processing) 2. storage (long or short) 3. retrieval (stimuli)

Question 29

types of memories

Answer 29

1. sensory (1 sec) 2. short term (20 secs) 3. long term (unlimited)

Question 30

amnesia types

Answer 30

biogenic - physical damage to brain psychogenic - psychological disorder retrograde - loss of memory anterograde - unable to make memories

Question 31

emotion causes

Answer 31

psychological: bodily responses neurological: brain activity cognitive: mental activity

Question 32

universal emotions

Answer 32

happy, excited, tender, scared, angry and sad

Question 33

motivation

Answer 33

- Freud (only awarenesses of small parts of our brain - id: (devil) pleasure principle - unconscious - superego: (angel) morality principle - unconscious and conscious - ego: (referee) decision maker - conscious

Question 34

motivation cycle

Answer 34

need --> drive --> action --> drive subsides --> time relapses --> restart

Question 35

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 35

physiological: breathing and food/water safety: health and security love/belonging: friendship and family esteem: confidence and achievement self-actualization: creativity and lack of prejudice

Question 36

defence mechanisms

Answer 36

repression: keeping threatening thoughts unconscious denial: block external events (denial) projection: attributing unacceptable thoughts somewhere else displacement: focus urge on something else regression: using past behaviour to deal with stress rationalization: providing pleasant explanation

Question 37

nature vs nurture

Answer 37

nature: behaviour based off of heritability nurture: behaviour based off of environment

Question 38

Eriksons 8 stages: yr 1

Answer 38

trust: attention and security mistrust: parent's love is uncertain

Question 39

Eriksons 8 stages: yr 2-3

Answer 39

autonomy: exploring environment doubt: restrictiveness

Question 40

Eriksons 8 stages: yr 4-5

Answer 40

initiative: setting goals guilt: doubt towards setting goals

Question 41

Eriksons 8 stages: yr 6-11

Answer 41

industry: praise to success inferiority: negative emotions to failure

Question 42

Eriksons 8 stages: yr 12-18

Answer 42

identity: "who am I" answered | role confusion: pressure

Question 43

Eriksons 8 stages: young adult

Answer 43

intimacy: consider needs for others isolation: fear of intimacy

Question 44

Eriksons 8 stages: middle age

Answer 44

generatively: achieve self-worth stagnation: not concerned w/ needs of others

Question 45

Eriksons 8 stages: old age

Answer 45

integrity: fulfilled with life despair: unfulfilled with life