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Psychology Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is something humans are vulnerable to?

A

Uncritical acceptance-a failure to evaluate claims with sufficient logical rigor

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2
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to remember and ignore the rest-similar to cherry picking

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3
Q

What is Pseudoscience?

A

A collection of beliefs that are mistakenly considered scientific

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4
Q

What is Phrenology?

A

The claim that the shape of the skull revels personality traits

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5
Q

What is Graphology?

A

The study of handwriting

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6
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Information based on the senses and observation

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7
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

Study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts

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8
Q

Who first proposed Gestalt psychology?

A

Max Wertheimer (1880-1941) A way to help explain perceptual illusions

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9
Q

Who is credited as making psychology an independent science?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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10
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

School psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptions-admired Charles Darwin

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11
Q

Who included animal behavior, religion experience, and abnormal behavior to psychology?

A

William James (1842-1910)

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12
Q

What book helped establish psychology as a different field of study?

A

Principles of Psychology (1890)

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13
Q

What is imageless thought?

A

No picture in mind when thinking of an object

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14
Q

What is introspection?

A

Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior

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15
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

Study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements

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16
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Darwin’s theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions

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17
Q

What is Cognitive Unconscious?

A

Most thinking is done this part of the mind. A part of which we are subjectively unaware and therefore not open to introspection

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18
Q

Where does Imageless thought take place?

A

In the cognitive unconscious

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19
Q

What are some things that Introspection is used for?

A

Hypnosis, meditation, problem solving and moods.

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20
Q

What is self-report data?

A

Information that is provided by participants about their own thoughts, emotions or behaviors, typically on a questionnaire or interview. Most used in psychology

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21
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Study of the conscious mind and behavior

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22
Q

Who advanced the theory of Behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

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23
Q

What is observational data?

A

Both participants self-reported data as well as observational behavior. Can be either naturalistic or structured

24
Q

What os Naturalistic observation?

A

Observing behavior in natural settings

25
What is Structured observation?
Observing behavior in situations that have been set ip
26
What is Radical behaviorism?
A behaviorist approach that rejects both introspection and any study of mental events, such as thinking, as inappropriate topics for scientific psychology
27
What is dynamic unconscious?
In freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person
28
Who developed psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud (1856-1839)
29
What is Neo-Freudians?
Psychologists who accept the broad features of Freud's theory but have revised the theory to include the role of culture and social factors while still accepting some of its basic concepts
30
What is Psychodynamic theory?
Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces
31
What is determinism?
The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices and actions if all such causes were known
32
What is Humanistic psychology?
Study of people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve
33
What is self-actualization?
The process of fully developing personal potentials
34
What is Biopsychology?
Study of the physical brain and body structures that underlie behavior and mental processes
35
What is Physiological data?
Data that come from participants' physiological processes
36
Horoscopes provided by astrology are stated in positive terms, which have a "ring of truth." The fact is the basis of___?
Uncritical acceptance
37
The cognitive unconscious is _____?
Better studied objectively, inaccessible through introspection, outside subjective awareness
38
_processes can be operationally defined in terms of _ ?
Mental; observational behavior
39
Psychology is the _ study of _ and _ processes
Scientific; behavior; mental
40
What is Cognitive psychology?
Study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
41
What is Operational definition?
Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it.
42
What is Biopsychosocial model?
An approach acknowledging that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence human behavior and mental processes
43
What is the goal of psychology?
To describe, understand, and predict and control behavior
44
What is Biological perspective?
The attempt to explain behavior in terms of underlying biological priciples
45
What is Evolutionary psychology?
Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes
46
What is Psychological perspective?
The traditional view that behavior is shaped by psychological processes occurring at the level of the individual
47
What is positive perspective?
The study of human strengths, virtues, and effective functioning
48
What is social perspective?
The focus on the importance of social contexts in influencing the behavior of individuals
49
Who was the first woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology?
Margaret Washburn (1871-1939) in 1894
50
Who was the first African-American man to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology?
Francis Cecil Summer (1895-1954) in 1920
51
Who was the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in psychology?
Inez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934) in 1933
52
What is a Clinical psychologist?
A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavior disturbances or who research on such disturbances
53
What is a Psychiatrist?
A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and environmental disorders
54
What is Anthropomorphic error?
Attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals
55
What is Coefficient of Correlation?
A statistical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and degree of correlation

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