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Economics > Psychology Exam > Flashcards

Psychology Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is something humans are vulnerable to?

A

Uncritical acceptance-a failure to evaluate claims with sufficient logical rigor

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2
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to remember and ignore the rest-similar to cherry picking

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3
Q

What is Pseudoscience?

A

A collection of beliefs that are mistakenly considered scientific

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4
Q

What is Phrenology?

A

The claim that the shape of the skull revels personality traits

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5
Q

What is Graphology?

A

The study of handwriting

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6
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Information based on the senses and observation

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7
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

Study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts

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8
Q

Who first proposed Gestalt psychology?

A

Max Wertheimer (1880-1941) A way to help explain perceptual illusions

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9
Q

Who is credited as making psychology an independent science?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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10
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

School psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptions-admired Charles Darwin

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11
Q

Who included animal behavior, religion experience, and abnormal behavior to psychology?

A

William James (1842-1910)

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12
Q

What book helped establish psychology as a different field of study?

A

Principles of Psychology (1890)

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13
Q

What is imageless thought?

A

No picture in mind when thinking of an object

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14
Q

What is introspection?

A

Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior

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15
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

Study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements

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16
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Darwin’s theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions

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17
Q

What is Cognitive Unconscious?

A

Most thinking is done this part of the mind. A part of which we are subjectively unaware and therefore not open to introspection

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18
Q

Where does Imageless thought take place?

A

In the cognitive unconscious

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19
Q

What are some things that Introspection is used for?

A

Hypnosis, meditation, problem solving and moods.

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20
Q

What is self-report data?

A

Information that is provided by participants about their own thoughts, emotions or behaviors, typically on a questionnaire or interview. Most used in psychology

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21
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

Study of the conscious mind and behavior

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22
Q

Who advanced the theory of Behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

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23
Q

What is observational data?

A

Both participants self-reported data as well as observational behavior. Can be either naturalistic or structured

24
Q

What os Naturalistic observation?

A

Observing behavior in natural settings

25
Q

What is Structured observation?

A

Observing behavior in situations that have been set ip

26
Q

What is Radical behaviorism?

A

A behaviorist approach that rejects both introspection and any study of mental events, such as thinking, as inappropriate topics for scientific psychology

27
Q

What is dynamic unconscious?

A

In freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person

28
Q

Who developed psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud (1856-1839)

29
Q

What is Neo-Freudians?

A

Psychologists who accept the broad features of Freud’s theory but have revised the theory to include the role of culture and social factors while still accepting some of its basic concepts

30
Q

What is Psychodynamic theory?

A

Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces

31
Q

What is determinism?

A

The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one’s choices and actions if all such causes were known

32
Q

What is Humanistic psychology?

A

Study of people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve

33
Q

What is self-actualization?

A

The process of fully developing personal potentials

34
Q

What is Biopsychology?

A

Study of the physical brain and body structures that underlie behavior and mental processes

35
Q

What is Physiological data?

A

Data that come from participants’ physiological processes

36
Q

Horoscopes provided by astrology are stated in positive terms, which have a “ring of truth.” The fact is the basis of___?

A

Uncritical acceptance

37
Q

The cognitive unconscious is _____?

A

Better studied objectively, inaccessible through introspection, outside subjective awareness

38
Q

_processes can be operationally defined in terms of _ ?

A

Mental; observational behavior

39
Q

Psychology is the _ study of _ and _ processes

A

Scientific; behavior; mental

40
Q

What is Cognitive psychology?

A

Study of information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

41
Q

What is Operational definition?

A

Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it.

42
Q

What is Biopsychosocial model?

A

An approach acknowledging that biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence human behavior and mental processes

43
Q

What is the goal of psychology?

A

To describe, understand, and predict and control behavior

44
Q

What is Biological perspective?

A

The attempt to explain behavior in terms of underlying biological priciples

45
Q

What is Evolutionary psychology?

A

Approach that emphasizes inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes

46
Q

What is Psychological perspective?

A

The traditional view that behavior is shaped by psychological processes occurring at the level of the individual

47
Q

What is positive perspective?

A

The study of human strengths, virtues, and effective functioning

48
Q

What is social perspective?

A

The focus on the importance of social contexts in influencing the behavior of individuals

49
Q

Who was the first woman to be awarded a PhD in psychology?

A

Margaret Washburn (1871-1939) in 1894

50
Q

Who was the first African-American man to earn a doctoral degree in Psychology?

A

Francis Cecil Summer (1895-1954) in 1920

51
Q

Who was the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in psychology?

A

Inez Beverly Prosser (1895-1934) in 1933

52
Q

What is a Clinical psychologist?

A

A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavior disturbances or who research on such disturbances

53
Q

What is a Psychiatrist?

A

A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and environmental disorders

54
Q

What is Anthropomorphic error?

A

Attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals

55
Q

What is Coefficient of Correlation?

A

A statistical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and degree of correlation

Economics (6 decks)

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