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Biology Of Sex Exam 2 > Psychology exam 2 > Flashcards

Psychology exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Aserinski -1950

A

Discovered sleep cycle and REM sleep

  1. Beta waves - low intensity ,very high frequency waves . Relaxed in preparation for sleep.
  2. Alpha waves drowsiness but not yet asleep. Calm or meditative state.
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1
Q

Hans Berger-1920

A 
Frequency and intensity
Discovered the (EEG) electroencephalogram in 1920
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2
Q

JB Watson

A

Classical conditioning with emotions ( Albert and rat)

Used paired association

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3
Q

John Garcia

A

Good aversion

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4
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Locus of control
The role of expectations in learning
Internalizers are more successful students

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6
Q

Martin seligman-

A

Learned helplessness
The role of beliefs in learning
(3 dog experiment

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7
Q

Albert Bandura

A 
Observational Learning ( Modeling)
Someone observes a behavior sequence a mental representation is formed
The role of schemas in learning 
-attend
-remember
-capable of doing the actions
-expect reinforcement for behavior performance 
( aggressive children video )
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8
Q

Hobson

A

Activation/synthesis; awareness of the brains internally generated signals during sleep ( pet scanner)

Dreams have no meaning

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9
Q

Carl hung

A

The unconscious mind is helpful and dream content must be amplified to be understood

Dreams make us whole and individuality.
Amplification

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10
Q

Freud

A

Dreams are the symbolic manifestation of repressed urges, wishes and desires

Manifest and latent content
Free association

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11
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Vending machine
Every time time behavior there is a reinforcer
Good to start off but not continue

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12
Q

Variable ratio

A

Slot machine gambler
Behavior difficult to extinct
Continue behavior without knowing when it will be reinforced but possible at any time ( chance of winning)

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13
Q

Fixed interval

A

Reinforced during set passage of time
( doesn’t matter how many times they do the behavior)

-Pay Check

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14
Q

Variable Interval

A

Intervals between reinforcers Varies.
Don’t know how long or when there will be reinforcement
( waiting for a call from attractive person/job) ( fishing )

Not efficient

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15
Q

Behavior Shaping

A

Reinforcing successively closer approximations of the desired behaviors until behaviors is achieved
( training dog to open trash can in 20 min)

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16
Q

Application ( Martin Seligman)

A

Exposure to uncontrollable aversive evens can produce passivity and learned helplessness.

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17
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of basic stimuli from the environment through the senses , sound, visual objects and odors .

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18
Q

Transduction

A

Form of physical energy is converted into a neural code that can be processed by the nervous system

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19
Q

Sensory thresholds

A

Smallest possible strength of a stimuli that can be detected half the time

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20
Q

Difference thresholds ( JND)

A

Smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time

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21
Q

Webers law

A

Size of a JND is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus

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22
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus
(Seasoning in food)
(Temperature in a pool)

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23
Q

Perception

A

Process by which the brain organizes , I terpenes and relates new data to existing knowledge

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24
Top down perceptions
Conceptually given | Prior knowledge
25
Bottom up
Generate perception based on the constituent parts data given
26
Gestalt
The unified whole is different from the sum of parts | mind try's to see everything as whole
27
Max Wertheimer
``` Principles of perception Similarity Closure Continuity Proximity Figure ground ```
28
Similarity
Similar things are perceived as being related
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Proximity
Closeness of the item
30
Continuity
Expectations that movements will continue in a given direction
31
Closure
Filling in a missing piece | Circle
32
Subliminal perception
Presented below absolute threshold ( not detectable ) | Can bias a persons emotions thoughts and attitudes about something temporarily
33
Sleep
``` Awake but meditative state- beta Stage 1- alpha high freq low intensity Stage 2- alpha / sleep spindle Stage 3 - theta / delta Stage 4 Delta low freq high intensity Rem ```
34
Sleep paralysis
Paralyzed during Rem Sleep
35
Stage 4 Delta non rem sleep does what
Restores body
36
Rem sleep consolidates what
Memory
37
Insomnia
Inability to initiate or maintain sleep
38
Sleep apnea
Interrupted sleep breathing
39
Somnambulism
Sleep walking ( 25% of children have one episode )
40
Rem sleep behavior disorder
Brain fails to suppress voluntary movement | Patient acts out dreams
41
Narcolepsy
Cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep, attacks, sleep paralysis
42
Hobson physiological views
Activation occurs in the pond as a dream generator Stimulates: Reticular (alertness) Oculomor ( movement of eyeballs) Vestibular( sence of balance and movement )
43
3 states of consciousness
Sleep , wakefulness and dreams
44
Dissociation
( splitting off your perception in life ) | -Day dreaming
45
Amplification
What does the symbol mean in art, religion and folk care
46
Addiction
Tolerance and withdrawal
47
Tolerance
Increasing amounts of a substance needed to get the desired effect
48
Withdrawal
Person gets sick when the substance is discontinued
49
LD-50
Lethal dose at which 50% of test subjects die
50
Leaning
A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience
51
Classical conditioning
Establishing conditions under which a specific behavior is more likely to occur
52
Reflex
A simple involuntary response to a specific stimuli
53
Extinction
Eliminating a learned response
54
Extinction burst
- intense frequency burst of the behavior ( show balloon in face)
55
Higher order conditioning
Means that a well established CS can be used as an UCS to produce a new conditioned response
56
Stimulus generalization
Other stimuli relates to CS cause the same CR
57
Discrimination stimulus
only the CS can cause the CR nothing similar ( cat food and cabinet door)
58
Frequency-
How often | The more pairing of the neutral and the UCS the stronger the CR
59
Timing
1/2 second between presentation is the neutral and UCS is ideal
60
Food aversion
Violates two rules of classical conditioning * long time between pairings (hours not minutes * single trial learning (one time)
61
Biological preparedness
- individual becomes averse to the food not the plate or other neutral stimuli which are present during exposure - not everything a become a CS for food aversions
62
Consciousness
Personal awareness of mental activity , internal sensations, and the world around us ( can associate taste but not pain with nausea)
63
Alertness varies by degree
Peaks at 8-9am and pm | Lows at 3pm and 3am
64
Circadian Rhythms
Variations in body states that occurs over a 24 hour period | Consciousness = alertness
65
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Bodies clock within the hypothalamus | (Light stimulates the optic nerves which are monitored by the SCN) Diminishes Melatonin
66
Free running
The effect of being disconnected from indications of date, day and hour (Circadian erythema become desynchronized)
67
Average sleep
8 1/2
68
Operant conditioning
Being rewarded for a behavior
69
What is reinforcement
A reinforcer is anything that causes a behavior to reoccur
70
What did Skinner Discover
Animal behavior patters can be modified by controlling the consequence
71
Two types of reinforcement
Positive and negative
72
Positive reinforcement
Means a reward (behavior will continue)
73
Negative reinforcement
Aversive stimuli , something we will act to avoid or escape | nagging kids to wash dishes
74
Punishment
To stop a behavior from reoccurring | Temporary fix
75
Interval schedules
A passage/unit of time
76
Cognitions
Belief and attitudes
77
Skinner
Operant conditioning

Biology Of Sex Exam 2 (3 decks)

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