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Psychology Exam #2 > Psychology Exam #2 > Flashcards

Psychology Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

A

Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association.

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3
Q

Define unconditioned stimulus.

A

Stimulus that leads to an automatic response.

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4
Q

Define unconditioned response.

A

Automatic response to a stimulus.

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5
Q

Define neutral stimulus.

A

Does not trigger any particular response at first.

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6
Q

Define conditioned stimulus.

A

Stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.

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7
Q

Define conditioned response.

A

Automatic response established by training to a conditioned stimulus.

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8
Q

Who was John Watson?

A

One of the leaders of a movement to make psychology more scientific by studying behavior only. They contributed to behaviorism.

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9
Q

Who Performed the Little Albert Study?

A

John Watson

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10
Q

Who is B.F. Skinner?

A

Harvard psychologist, The Godfather of “radical Behaviorism”, believed that every behavior can be conditioned.

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11
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

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12
Q

List the four schedules of reinforcement.

A

Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval.

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13
Q

Describe Fixed Ratio.

A

Reinforces behavior after a specified number of correct responses.

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14
Q

Describe Variable Ratio.

A

Reinforces after a random number of responses.

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15
Q

Describe Fixed Interval.

A

Reinforcement provided for a behavior after a specified number of time has passed.

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16
Q

Describe Variable interval.

A

Reinforced after seemingly random periods of times that average out to a specific time interval.

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17
Q

How to sensation and perception differ?

A

Perception is experimental; sensation is biological.

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18
Q

How do top down and bottom up processing differ?

A

Top down is our expectation and general knowledge affect our perceptions and bottom up is processing starts with our basic sensation and builds up.

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19
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

How our brains can recognize the shape and color of objects despite changes in lighting and angle.

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20
Q

What is a gestalt?

A

The “rules” our brain follows to cluster stimuli together into w whole or one.

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21
Q

How do the absolute thresholds and difference thresholds differ?

A

Absolute is the amount of stimulation required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time and difference threshold is the amount of stimulation required to detect a difference between TWO stimuli 50% of the time.

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22
Q

What is a photon?

A

Discrete units of electromagnetic energy that can behave like a wave or particle.

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23
Q

Describe the visual system.

A

The system that senses light and perceives images.

24
Q

What are the two types of cells that process light?

A

Cones and rods

25
Q

What is a compression wave?

A

A wave that sounds travel in.

26
Q

Describe the auditory system.

A

The system that senses and detects vibrations.

27
Q

What are the three theories for how people hear different frequencies of sound?

A

Place Theory, Volley Theory, and Frequency Theory.

28
Q

What are the five types of taste receptors?

A

Salty, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Umami (Savory)

29
Q

Why is smell associated with strong memories?

A

The olfactory bulb is located right next to the limbic system, which is important for storing long-term memories and emotions.

30
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The part of the brain associated with voluntary responses.

31
Q

What are the semicurcular canals?

A

The structure that sends information to the cerebellum.

32
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

The spinal column can process touch information before the brain.

33
Q

What is the opponent process theory of vision?

A

Three types of vision cell pairs; red vs. green cells, blue vs. yellow cells, and black vs. white cells.

34
Q

What is the trichromatic theory?

A

three types of cones; one most sensitive to red light, one most sensitive to blue light, and one most sensitive to green light.

35
Q

What is the different between monocular and binocular cuing?

A

Monocular is using each eye separately to look at far away objects and binocular is using both every to distance the nearby objects.

36
Q

Define sensory memory.

A

Briefly maintains our sensory perceptions so we can process what is important.

37
Q

Define Short Term/Working memory.

A

Has limited capacity for information. Can hold about 5 to 9 units of information at a time. Lasts about 20 seconds at most without rehearsal.

38
Q

Define long term memory.

A

information is stored.

39
Q

What is an echoic memory?

A

Very brief auditory sensory impression.

40
Q

What is an iconic memory?

A

Very brief visual sensory impression.

41
Q

Name the subsystems of working memory.

A

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer.

42
Q

Define Central Executive subsystem.

A

Coordinates and controls the other subsystems.

43
Q

Define Phonological Loop subsystem.

A

Short term memory for something heard and is maintained by rehearsal.

44
Q

Define Visuospatial Sketchpad.

A

Used to manipulate and rehearse visual information.

45
Q

Define Episodic Buffer.

A

Communicated information between working and long-term memory.

46
Q

What is the “cognitive miser” theory?

A

Think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways.

47
Q

Define procedural memory.

A

A form of implicit memory that is unconscious memory for motor skills.

48
Q

Define episodic memory.

A

Memory from events in someones life.

49
Q

Define semantic memory.

A

Memory for facts, words, meanings, and general knowledge.

50
Q

Is memory like a perfect tape recording of a past event? Why or Why Not?

A

No, we never remember exactly what happened, we mostly just remember the jest of what happened.

51
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit is conscious and implicit is unconscious.

52
Q

According to the book, what is a mnemonic?

A

Key to retrieval, developing effective cues that will lead the person back to the encoded information.

53
Q

Based on the book and lecture, list and briefly explain three reasons we forget.

A

Failure to store information in long-term memory, failure to retrieve information, no rehearsal.

54
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde is the inability to form episodic memories and retrograde is the inability to remember past events.

55
Q

What is in misinformation event?

A

When providing misleading information contaminates memories.

56
Q

Who is Elizabeth Loftus?

A

Psychologist who did research on false memories.

57
Q

What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?

A

Punishment is anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior and reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior.

Psychology Exam #2 (2 decks)

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