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Psychology Exam #2 > Biology Exam #3 > Flashcards

Biology Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Self feeding organisms (producers) and they consume photosynthesis for energy.

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2
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that eat other organisms (consumers)

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3
Q

What are the three stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Phosphorylation (ETP).

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4
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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5
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

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6
Q

What happens between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvate Oxidation.

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7
Q

What is the alternate name for the citric acid cycle?

A

The Krebs cycle.

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8
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

The inner compartment of the mitochondrion.

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9
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and oxaloacetate.

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10
Q

Where does electron transport phosphorylation occur?

A

The inner compartment of the mitochondrion.

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11
Q

What are the products of electron transport phosphorylation?

A

32 ATP.

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12
Q

Approximately how many ATPs are formed during each stage, and how many overall?

A

2 from glycolysis, 2 from the citric acid cycle, and 32 from electron transport phosphorylation. 36 overall.

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13
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen.

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14
Q

What is oxygen used for during aerobic respiration?

A

To combine with hydrogen to make water.

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15
Q

What are some differenced between aerobic respiration and anaerobic ATP pathways?

A

Anaerobic ATP pathways are only found in bacteria.

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16
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation.

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17
Q

How are glucose levels in the blood maintained?

A

By the pancreas?

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18
Q

What is the role of glucose?

A

To convert into glycogen in your liver and muscle cells.

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19
Q

Where does the energy come from that power metabolism of living things?

A

The sun.

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20
Q

What is the general structure of a leaf?

A

Mesophyll: middle of the leaf, Cuticle: seal the leaf and makes it waterproof, Stoma: openings in the leaf for passing gas and letting water in and out.

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21
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

Outer and Inner membrane, Space between membranes, thylakoid membrane, granum.

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22
Q

What is a chlorophyll?

A

A pigment molecule that converts light energy into chemical energy.

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23
Q

How is chlorophyll arranges within the chloroplast?

A

In the granum.

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24
Q

What type of energy is used during photosynthesis?

A

Light energy that gets converted into chemical energy.

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25
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light-Dependent Reactions and Light-Independent Reactions.

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26
Q

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane.

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27
Q

What is photolysis and why is it important?

A

Split water, it is important for light-dependent reactions.

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28
Q

What is photolysis and why is it important?

A

Split water, it is important for light-dependent reactions.

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29
Q

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions>

A

ATP, NADH, and oxygen.

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30
Q

What is the difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis?

A

Cyclic is more primitive and electrons are replaced, non-cyclic is more advanced and electrons are not replaced.

31
Q

What is the enzyme that is vital to light-independent photosynthesis?

A

Rubisco.

32
Q

To what molecule does rubisco attach to carbon dioxide?

A

Ribulose Biphosphate.

33
Q

What are the three types of photosynthesis based on when the light-independent reactions occur?

A

C3, C4, & CAM.

34
Q

What plant types are C3?

A

Plants that need humidity.

35
Q

What plant types are C4?

A

Plants that have adapted to their dryer environment and do not need as much water.

36
Q

What plant types are CAM?

A

Plants that are in areas with a negative water balance.

37
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs and 46 total.

38
Q

What are the haploid and diploid numbers of humans?

A

Haploid is the number of singular chromosomes (46) and diploid is the number of pairs of chromosomes (23).

39
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

40
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1, S, & G2.

41
Q

What are some types of cells that become arrested in interphase?

A

G0.

42
Q

What is the point of mitosis?

A

Cell Division.

43
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

44
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The spindle apparatus forms, the nuclear membrane breaks up into vesicles which move to the sides of the cell, and chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope, and then are moved by the spindle apparatus toward the cellular equator.

45
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are lined up at the cellular equator.

46
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Disjunction occurs and the spindle apparatus begins moving separated chromosomes toward the opposite side of the cell (cellular poles).

47
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The separated chromosomes have been pulled by the spindle apparatus to opposite poles of the cell, and the nuclear membrane begins reforming around the two sets of chromosomes.

48
Q

What is cytoplasmic division?

A

The parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

49
Q

How does cytoplasmic division differ in animals and plants?

A

Animalia Cytokinesis contracts and squeezes to separate. The division or space in between is called the cleavage furrow. Plant and Fungal Cytokinesis, the vesicles line up between the 2 new nuclei to divide into two cells. The division area is called the cell plate.

50
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction without sex.

51
Q

What is sexual production?

A

Reproduction with sex.

52
Q

What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

A

Genetic Variation.

53
Q

What is the costs of sexual reproduction?

A

Fitness and STDs.

54
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are eggs in women and sperm in men.

55
Q

What are spores?

A

Haploid reproductive cells which are resistant to harsh environmental conditions. They are important in alternation in generations.

56
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process of sperm production.

57
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process of making egg cells.

58
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondrion?

A

Mitochondria have an outer membrane and inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into structures called crustal. The inner membrane divides the mitochondrion into an outer section and an inner section.

59
Q

What is the overall chemical equation of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose (C6H12)6) + Oxygen 6(H2O) –> Carbon Dioxide 6(CO2) + Water 6(H2O)

60
Q

What is the function of oxaloacetate?

A

To act as the compound that is the beginning and the end of the Citric Acid Cycle.

61
Q

What is the function of ATP synthase?

A

To capture the movement of hydrogen ions moving down a concentration gradient from the outer compartment of the mitochondrion to the inner compartment, and use the energy of that movement to make more ATP.

62
Q

What happens to electrons after they travel through ATP?

A

They build up in the outer compartment, then move through ATP synthases to the inner compartment, where they combine with oxygen (the final electron acceptor) to make water.

63
Q

What is the waste product of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide.

64
Q

What are the products of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

A

2 ATP for each glucose that enters the pathway.

65
Q

What are the waste products of lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation?

A

Carbon Dioxide.

66
Q

What are the long-term energy storage options in humans?

A

Glycogen, fats, and proteins.

67
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

It is divided into three parts. In G1, the cell goes about its normal business, in S, chromosomes are replicated, in G2, other cell structures are copied.

68
Q

What is the point of meiosis?

A

The production of haploid gametes (sperm and eggs).

69
Q

What happens during the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA is joined to oxaloacetate, the resulting 6-carbon molecule is sent through a series of reactions and broken down. The energy from that breakdown is used to convert ADP to ATP, NAD+ to NADH, and FAD+ to FADH2. Carbon from that breakdown is joined to oxygen to make carbon dioxide and then oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of the cycle.

70
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

Converts glucose to PGAL, then to pyruvate. Then converts 4ADP to 4ATP, and 2 NAD+ to 2NADH.

71
Q

What happens during electron transport phosphorylation?

A

Hydrogen ions and electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2. Electrons are sent down electron transport system embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Electron transport system captures the energy of electrons to make ATP. Hydrogen ions flow into the outer compartment of the mitochondrion, causing a concentration gradient. Hydrogen ions then pass through ATP synthases, back into the inner compartment, in response to the concentration gradient. Energy of the movement of the hydrogen ions is used by ATP synthases to make more ATP. Oxygen is joined to the hydrogen ions to make water.

72
Q

Can you summarize the events of the light-dependent reactions?

A

Pigments (mostly chlorophyll) absorb light energy and give up electrons. The electrons are sent down an electron transport system. The electron transfer system may be cyclic, which uses P700 chlorophyll, or non-cyclic, which uses both P700 and P680 chlorophylls. Water molecules are split, ATP and NADPH are assembled, hydrogen ions and oxygen are released. The hydrogen builds up inside the thylakoids, and is moved through ATP synthases to the stroma. This creates more ATP. The oxygen is given off as a waste product. Electrons are replaced in the pigment molecules that originally gave them up.

73
Q

What are the events of the light-independent photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide from the air diffuses into the leaf, and into the stroma. Rubisco joins carbon dioxide molecules to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) to form two molecules of phosphoglycerate (PGA). PGA receives a phosphate from ATP, plus hydrogen ions and electrons from NADPH to from phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). Most of the PGAL is recycled to form more RuBP, but some is converted to glucose.

Psychology Exam #2 (2 decks)

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