psychology exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Pons controls

A

facial expressions

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2
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

amygdala

A

involved in fear

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4
Q

cingulate gyras

A

worry and distress

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5
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

if pleasure and dopamine is the important neurotransmitter for pleasure

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6
Q

Frontal lobe

A

responsible for self-regulation of emotions

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7
Q

Left hemisphere

A

active for positive emotions (happiness, hope, joy, satisfaction, etc.)

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8
Q

right hemisphere

A

active for negative emotions (sadness, worry, fear, anxiety, anger, etc.)

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9
Q

Serotonin

A

regulates long term mood and important for appetite also

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10
Q

Eckman Basic Emotions

A

are anger, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and surprise which are innate
(part of human nature) that may be a primitive form of communication for all mammals

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11
Q

regulates long term mood and important for appetite also

A

says subjective emotions occur because we interpret our body’s
physiological reaction to determine our subjective feelings. Facial feedback theory is an extension of
this idea and says you can create the subjective feeling in yourself simply by forcing yourself to make
the expression, i.e. forcing a smile for several minutes will make you feel happy.

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12
Q

Cannon-Bard (simultaneous)

A

says when a situation occurs people simultaneously have both a
physiological reaction and a subjective feeling. Both occur in reaction to the situation and not because
of the other.

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13
Q

Schacter-Singer Two Factor

A

says that a situation causes physiological arousal, but then people do a
cognitive appraisal of the events and based on how they perceived the event a subjective feeling occurs.

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14
Q

Lazarus Cognitive Meditational

A

says that the cognitive appraisal of the situation occurs before the
physiological arousal and thus top-down processing affects what subjective feeling arises from the
physiological arousal.

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15
Q

Leptin (hormone)

A

produced in body fat reduces appetite

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16
Q

Insulin (hormone)

A

produced in pancreas allows cells to burn sugar and increases appetite

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17
Q

Ghrelin (hormone)

A

produced by the stomach that increases hunger

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18
Q

Glucose (sugar)

A

burned by cells for energy at level determined by metabolism

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19
Q

metabolism

A

rate glucose burned as set by thyroid

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20
Q

Set Point

A

how much your body wants to weigh

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21
Q

Satiety

A

when you stop eating

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22
Q

BMI

A

ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared

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23
Q

healthy weight and has least health problems

A

18.5 – 24.9

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24
Q

Intrinsic rewards

A

anything we enjoy for itself (e.g. eating yummy food, sleeping when tired)

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25
Q

Extrinsic rewards

A

reinforcements given as payment to get us to do things we do not intrinsically
enjoy

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26
Q

Applied Behavior Analysis

A

uses rewards and punishments to teach healthy behavior and extinguish
unhealthy behavior

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27
Q

Flooding

A

uses habituation to eliminate unwanted responses

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28
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

uses counterconditioning to associate relaxation with a previously feared
or traumatic situation. Virtual Reality Therapy uses VR headsets and gloves to help patients with PTSD virtually confront the situation that traumatized them.

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29
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

uses counterconditioning to associate an unpleasant stimulus with an unhealthy
behavior

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30
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

uses rewards only to encourage healthy behavior

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31
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

explains mental health as inaccurate thinking (cognition) including inaccurate
concepts, not useful schemas, and incorrect attributions to explain mental illness and corrects thinking to
change behavior

32
Q

Rational Emotive Therapy

A

directly challenges any incorrect ideas

33
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

more gently encourages a patient to evaluate their own concepts and test if they
are correct.

34
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

explains mental illness as the result of unconscious conflicts due to
repressed memories or childhood experiences (often poor parenting)

35
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

was original form of psychotherapy. Patients have multiple appointments a week for
years with therapist to explore their past experiences and unearth repressed memories

36
Q

Insight-Oriented Therapy

A

which still looks to discover the original cause of the
mental illness but does not assume that cause is sexual or from childhood.

37
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

explains mental illness as the result of unmet needs

38
Q

Client-Centered (or Person-Centered) Therapy

A

form of psychotherapy used to provide
unconditional positive regard for clients

39
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

explains mental illness in context of family, friends, co-workers, and culture
that provides social norms and social support (or lack thereof) to a person

40
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Medical model and it sees mental illness as the result of
physiological processes like hormonal imbalances, nervous system problems, or brain structures

41
Q

Antidepressants

A

improve long-term mood (not moment to moment emotions) and increase
appetite by increasing serotonin. They also seem to help a bit with long term anxiety problems.
Usually antidepressant treatment is only needed for a few months, but some people take the
medication longer.

42
Q

Tranquilizers (also called antianxiety medication or anxiolytics) a

A

are sedatives that reduce nervous
system activity by increasing GABA. Some (barbiturates) must be used long term by epileptics
to control seizures, but those use to treat anxiety (benzodiazepines) are reserved for very short
term use because tranquillizers are highly addictive and have a relatively high risk of causing fatal
overdose, especially when combined with other drugs.

43
Q

Stimulants

A

ncrease central nervous activity and decrease appetite. They are used long term to
treat narcolepsy and attention disorders despite the moderate risk of addiction.

44
Q

Antipsychotics (also called neuroleptics)

A

calm a person by blocking dopamine. They are very
effective in treating the hallucinations and delusions of schizophrenia, but have severe side effects
including lethargy, lack of motivation, flat affect, and a movement disorder called tardive
dyskinesia (it resembles Parkinson’s disease but is drug induced). Although lifetime use is
needed to control symptoms, the side effects are often perceived as worse than the mental illness
for patients on these drugs

45
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

keep long-term mood more even with less severe depression and fewer or no
manic episodes. Lithium which is a salt was the first discovered and some anticonvulsants used
to treat epilepsy also work as do some atypical antipsychotic drugs.

46
Q

Biopsychosocial Perspective

A

views mental illness as a complex problem that results from the interaction
of biology, culture, cognition, learning, and social supports and therefore needs to be treated using a
combination of approaches that are best suited for the patient experiencing the problem

47
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

combines correcting a patient’s thinking with rewards and
punishments for doing so.

48
Q

Dialectic behavioral Therapy

A

combines group support and lessons with individual assessments of
which ideas from the group are useful for the individual patient and worth pursuing and which ideas
are not useful for that individual.

49
Q

General Practitioner (MD or LPN)

A

has a medical degree with no psychology education, but is often first
profession seen for problems. They can prescribe medication but usually refer a patient to specialists

50
Q

Psychiatrist (MD)

A

has a medical degree with residency in psychiatry. They usually just prescribe
medication, but they can engage in therapy or refer patient to psychologist

51
Q

Psychologist (PhD or PsyD)

A

has a doctorate in psychology and a clinical internship . They can only
prescribe medication in some states, but are capable to engage in many psychotherapies, even for severe
problems. They may partner with a psychiatrist

52
Q

Counselor (LPC)

A

has a master degree in psychology or specialized training. They can assess patients
and engage in therapy for mild problems at a less expensive rate. However, patients with severe
problems must be referred to psychologists or psychiatrists

53
Q

Social Worker (LPSW)

A

has a masters or doctorate degree in social work, not psychology. They
generally help a person reach needed resources available in the community, but they can lead groups as
well

54
Q

Family/Group Therapist (LMFT)

A

has a master or doctorate degree in psychology & clinical internship.
They specialize in psychotherapy with family, couple, or group with common problem issue. They
often work with psychiatrist or psychologist

55
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome theory

A

-First phase is alarm reaction where organism freezes and stops responding to evaluate situation
-Second phase is resistance where organism fights back against the stress until a solution is found OR
-Final phase is when the organism is exhausted and stops even trying to escape or protect itself from
stress.
-Learned helplessness then makes it more difficult for organism to learn to escape stress even when
an escape becomes possible.

56
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

is the study of how physical health and mental health affect each other by
taking a biopsychosocial perspective that looks at the interaction of multiple influences on health

57
Q

Type A Personality

A

have increased risk of cardiovascular disease

58
Q

Type B Personality

A

are less likely to be affected by stress

59
Q

Type C Personality

A

are more likely to obsess over problems and may have increased risk of
cancer

60
Q

Type D people

A

are at high risk for learned helplessness and hurting themselves

61
Q

Phobias

A

fear of a specific object or situation

62
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of public places

63
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

anxiety from being around other people

64
Q

Panic Disorder

A

episodes lasting several minutes of sheer terror for no apparent reason

65
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

feeling worries and uptight over everything nearly all
the time for months

66
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

a reaction to some extremely disturbing event that causes
great fear and anxiety

67
Q

Autism

A

a disorder that interferes with communication skills

68
Q

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

A

the inability to pay attention and stay on task for a reasonable
length of time

69
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

ADD plus an inability to sit still or stay in a
seat for any length of time

70
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

the refusal to eat despite a preoccupation with food

71
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

a cycle of binge eating followed by purging the food by vomiting or using large
doses of laxatives.

72
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

is repeated episodes of eating extremely large amounts of food without
purges

73
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

also known as medical student disorder or hypochondriacs and it is
characterized by obsessions over physical symptoms that are not attributable to physical illness

74
Q

Major Depression

A

is characterized by at least 2 weeks of persistent low mood

75
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A

s characterized by an unstable self-concept, fear of
abandonment, and emotional outbursts