psychology exam Flashcards
Pons controls
facial expressions
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis
amygdala
involved in fear
cingulate gyras
worry and distress
nucleus accumbens
if pleasure and dopamine is the important neurotransmitter for pleasure
Frontal lobe
responsible for self-regulation of emotions
Left hemisphere
active for positive emotions (happiness, hope, joy, satisfaction, etc.)
right hemisphere
active for negative emotions (sadness, worry, fear, anxiety, anger, etc.)
Serotonin
regulates long term mood and important for appetite also
Eckman Basic Emotions
are anger, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, and surprise which are innate
(part of human nature) that may be a primitive form of communication for all mammals
regulates long term mood and important for appetite also
says subjective emotions occur because we interpret our body’s
physiological reaction to determine our subjective feelings. Facial feedback theory is an extension of
this idea and says you can create the subjective feeling in yourself simply by forcing yourself to make
the expression, i.e. forcing a smile for several minutes will make you feel happy.
Cannon-Bard (simultaneous)
says when a situation occurs people simultaneously have both a
physiological reaction and a subjective feeling. Both occur in reaction to the situation and not because
of the other.
Schacter-Singer Two Factor
says that a situation causes physiological arousal, but then people do a
cognitive appraisal of the events and based on how they perceived the event a subjective feeling occurs.
Lazarus Cognitive Meditational
says that the cognitive appraisal of the situation occurs before the
physiological arousal and thus top-down processing affects what subjective feeling arises from the
physiological arousal.
Leptin (hormone)
produced in body fat reduces appetite
Insulin (hormone)
produced in pancreas allows cells to burn sugar and increases appetite
Ghrelin (hormone)
produced by the stomach that increases hunger
Glucose (sugar)
burned by cells for energy at level determined by metabolism
metabolism
rate glucose burned as set by thyroid
Set Point
how much your body wants to weigh
Satiety
when you stop eating
BMI
ratio of weight in kilograms to height in meters squared
healthy weight and has least health problems
18.5 – 24.9
Intrinsic rewards
anything we enjoy for itself (e.g. eating yummy food, sleeping when tired)
Extrinsic rewards
reinforcements given as payment to get us to do things we do not intrinsically
enjoy
Applied Behavior Analysis
uses rewards and punishments to teach healthy behavior and extinguish
unhealthy behavior
Flooding
uses habituation to eliminate unwanted responses
Systematic Desensitization
uses counterconditioning to associate relaxation with a previously feared
or traumatic situation. Virtual Reality Therapy uses VR headsets and gloves to help patients with PTSD virtually confront the situation that traumatized them.
Aversion Therapy
uses counterconditioning to associate an unpleasant stimulus with an unhealthy
behavior
Positive Reinforcement
uses rewards only to encourage healthy behavior